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91.
The role of animacy in the real time comprehension of Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from auditory event-related brain potentials 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Two auditory ERP studies examined the role of animacy in sentence comprehension in Mandarin Chinese by comparing active and passive sentences in simple verb-final (Experiment 1) and relative clause constructions (Experiment 2). In addition to the voice manipulation (which modulated the assignment of actor and undergoer roles to the arguments), both arguments were either animate or inanimate. This allowed us to examine the interplay of animacy with thematic interpretation. In Experiment 1, we observed no effect of animacy at NP1, but N400 effects for inanimate actor arguments in second position. This result mirrors previous findings in German, thus suggesting that an initial undergoer universally leads to the prediction of an ideal (animate) actor. We also observed an N400 effect for passive sentences with an inanimate initial (undergoer) argument. We attribute this effect to a language-specific property of the passive construction in Chinese, namely that the first argument is negatively affected by the event described (i.e. bears an experiencer role). Experiment 2 showed that both of these effects can also be observed in sentence constructions of another type, in which the critical information sources become available in a different order. These findings provide the first demonstration that the N400 is not only sensitive to general (universal) aspects of thematic processing (i.e. "who is acting on whom") but also to the interaction between thematic interpretation and language-specific pragmatic principles. 相似文献
92.
In decision situations of everyday life, the potential positive or negative consequences of a decision are often specified and the associated probabilities are known or they are principally calculable ("decisions under risk"). On the basis of correlations reported in patient studies, it has been recently proposed that decisions under risk involve strategic components, i.e. calculation of the risk, as well as emotional processes, i.e. processing feedback from previous decisions. However, the potential impact of calculative strategies on decision-making under risk has not been investigated systematically, so far. In the current study, we examined 42 healthy subjects (21 females) with the Game of Dice Task measuring decisions under risk, and a questionnaire assessing strategy application in items comparable to the choices in the Game of Dice Task. In addition, the subjects performed the Iowa Gambling Task, examining decision-making under ambiguity, and a neuropsychological test battery focusing on executive functions. Results indicate that deciding advantageously in a decision-making task with explicit and stable rules is linked to applying calculative strategies. In contrast, individuals who decide intuitively prefer risky or disadvantageous choices in the Game of Dice Task. Applying calculative strategies was correlated with executive functions but not with performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. The results support the view that calculative processes and strategies may improve decision-making under explicit risk conditions. 相似文献
93.
Matthias Determann 《Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations》2008,19(2):199-214
This article examines the depiction of the Crusades in Arab school textbooks. In the introductory first part, perceptions of the Crusades manifest in Arab historiography are described. In addition, modern political discourses referring to the Crusades among Arab authors, politicians and representatives of political Islam are explained. In the second part, accounts of the Crusades in school textbooks from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia are analysed, focusing on the sources used by the books' authors, the terminologies, conceptions, reasoning, and narratives found in them, and the results of the Crusades as they are portrayed. The third part concludes by explaining three different approaches to how the textbooks relate the history, and shows the historical sensibilities concerning the Crusades as taught by the schoolbooks. 相似文献
94.
Matthias Schirn 《Synthese》2006,148(1):171-227
In this paper, I shall discuss several topics related to Frege’s paradigms of second-order abstraction principles and his
logicism. The discussion includes a critical examination of some controversial views put forward mainly by Robin Jeshion,
Tyler Burge, Crispin Wright, Richard Heck and John MacFarlane. In the introductory section, I try to shed light on the connection
between logical abstraction and logical objects. The second section contains a critical appraisal of Frege’s notion of evidence
and its interpretation by Jeshion, the introduction of the course-of-values operator and Frege’s attitude towards Axiom V,
in the expression of which this operator occurs as the key primitive term. Axiom V says that the course-of-values of the function
f is identical with the course-of-values of the function g if and only if f and g are coextensional. In the third section, I intend to show that in Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884) Frege hardly could have construed Hume’s Principle (HP) as a primitive truth of logic and used it as an axiom governing
the cardinality operator as a primitive sign. HP expresses that the number of Fs is identical with the number of Gs if and only if F and G are equinumerous. In the fourth section, I argue that Wright falls short of making a convincing case for the alleged analyticity
of HP. In the final section, I canvass Heck’s arguments for his contention that Frege knew he could deduce the simplest laws
of arithmetic from HP without invoking Axiom V. I argue that they do not carry conviction. I conclude this section by rejecting
an interpretation concerning HP suggested by MacFarlane. 相似文献
95.
Matthias Hild 《Philosophical Studies》2006,128(1):109-135
Nelson Goodman cast the ‘problem of induction’ as the task of articulating the principles and standards by which to distinguish
valid from invalid inductive inferences. This paper explores some logical bounds on the ability of a rational reasoner to
accomplish this task. By a simple argument, either an inductive inference method cannot admit its own fallibility, or there
exists some non-inferable hypothesis whose non-inferability the method cannot infer (violating the principle of ‘negative
introspection’). The paper discusses some implications of this limited self-knowledge for the justifiability of inductive
inferences, auto-epistemic logic, and the epistemic foundations of game theory. 相似文献
96.
97.
Weigelt M 《Human movement science》2007,26(2):212-225
Structural constraints affect the coordination of bimanual movements in ways that have been taken to suggest that the specification of different movement amplitudes is subject to strong intermanual interference effects. Most experiments taken to support this notion, however, confounded variations of movement amplitudes with symmetry in starting locations and variations in target location. The present experiment was designed to further investigate the relative influence of the parameters starting location, movement amplitude, and target location on bimanual movement coordination. Participants performed simultaneous reaching movements with the left and right hand from same and different starting locations to same and different target locations. On each trial, two movements could match on none, one, or all of the parameters. We assessed the influence of each parameter by comparing conditions in which only a single parameter matched between the two hands with conditions in which all parameters differed. The reaction-time data revealed some challenging results for previous studies: (1) same starting locations significantly delayed movement initiation; (2) specifying movement amplitudes had virtually no effect on movement initiation, whereas (3) selecting same target locations significantly benefited the bimanual responses. These findings cannot be taken to support the notion that amplitude specification affects the initiation of bimanual movements. Rather, they support the notion that the initial starting locations of the two hands and the selection of target locations decide about the ease with which we perform bimanual reaching movements. 相似文献
98.
While bimanual interference effects can be observed when symbolic cues indicate the parameter values of simultaneous reaching
movements, these effects disappear under conditions in which the target locations of two movements are cued directly. The
present study investigates the generalizability of these target-location cuing benefits to conditions in which symbolic cues
are used to indicate target locations (i.e., the end points of bimanual movements). Participants were asked to move to two
of four possible target locations, being located either at the same and different distances (Experiment 1), or in the same
and different directions (Experiment 2). Circles and crosses served as symbolic target-location cues and were arranged in
a symmetric or non-symmetric fashion over the four target locations. Each trial was preceded by a variable precuing interval.
Results revealed faster initiation times for equivalent as compared to non-equivalent target locations (same vs. different
cues). Moreover, the time course of prepartion suggests that this effect is in fact due to target-equivalence and not to cue-similarity.
Bimanual interference relative to movement parameter values was not observed. These findings suggest that cuing target locations
can dominate potential intermanual interference effects during the concurrent programming of different movement parameter
values. 相似文献
99.
Prof. Dr. Ulrich T. Egle Claus Derra Beate Gruner Bernd Kappis Volker Köllner Eilard Maatz Matthias Schoof Ulrich Schubert Rainer Schwab 《Psychotherapeut》2007,52(6):436-442
Interdisciplinary guidelines allowed for new quality standards in pain appraisal. Simultaneously, the scientific notion of fibromyalgia changed from a subjectively overvalued malaise to a central disturbance of coping with stress, which is neurobiologically determined. Therefore, in this article a psychosomatics-based guide is given for the socio-medical appraisal of fibromyalgia with reference to the new International Classification for Functioning and Disability (ICF) of the World Health Organization (WHO). As illustration a case study is presented. 相似文献
100.
Bradley S. Gibson Matthias Scheutz Gregory J. Davis 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(2):363-374
Humans routinely use spatial language to control the spatial distribution of attention. In so doing, spatial information may be communicated from one individual to another across opposing frames of reference, which in turn can lead to inconsistent mappings between symbols and directions (or locations). These inconsistencies may have important implications for the symbolic control of attention because they can be translated into differences in cue validity, a manipulation that is known to influence the focus of attention. This differential validity hypothesis was tested in Experiment 1 by comparing spatial word cues that were predicted to have high learned spatial validity (“above/below”) and low learned spatial validity (“left/right”). Consistent with this prediction, when two measures of selective attention were used, the results indicated that attention was less focused in response to “left/right” cues than in response to “above/below” cues, even when the actual validity of each of the cues was equal. In addition, Experiment 2 predicted that spatial words such as “left/right” would have lower spatial validity than would other directional symbols that specify direction along the horizontal axis, such as “←/→” cues. The results were also consistent with this hypothesis. Altogether, the present findings demonstrate important semantic-based constraints on the spatial distribution of attention. 相似文献