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291.
Michael R. Matthews 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1990,10(1):93-97
This paper describes an attempt to introduce philosophy and history of science to pre-service science teachers. I argue briefly for the view that science in the schools cannot be taught without implicitly assuming a particular philosophy of science. Therefore, both philosophy and history of science are necessary components of undergraduate science education courses. 相似文献
292.
T J Matthews F Bordi D Depollo 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》1990,16(4):335-344
Two experiments explored the functional character of 2 schedule-induced interim behaviors (pacing and retreat) and 1 terminal behavior (keypecking) that developed on fixed-time (FT) schedules of food delivery with a keylight that increased in brightness throughout the interstimulus interval. In Experiment 1, this ramp procedure was compared with a less discriminable ramp, and FT and Random Time (RT) procedures without a signal. Decreased discriminability expanded keypecking in the trial. The FT schedule eliminated only keypecking and the RT procedure eliminated keypecking and retreat while pacing remained. In Experiment 2, predictive and unpredictive ramps were added to the RT procedure. The data suggest that schedule-induced stereotypy can be divided into kinesic stereotypy (pacing), which arises from repeated reinforcer presentations, and taxic stereotypy, which is tied to an increase (keypecking) or decrease (retreat) in the momentary probability of reinforcement. 相似文献
293.
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295.
An experiment on the free recall of 18-word lists is reported in which variations were made in associative frequency, word frequency and the number, and therefore size, of the presented groups. Recall efficiency was positively related to increasing associative frequency and larger presented group size. Measures of clustering were obtained along with subjects' own reports on the associative labels helpful to them in organizing their recall. A two-level storage model is proposed to account for the results. 相似文献
296.
Unequal reinforcer magnitudes and relative preference for cooperation in the dyad 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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College-student subjects, who were paired with a confederate, chose to respond either independently or cooperatively for money reinforcers. The subject's relative preference for cooperation was assessed by a procedure (analogous to the psychophysical method of limits) in which response choice was monitored as reinforcer magnitude for one response mode was systematically varied while the other remained constant. Relative preference for cooperation was assessed when the confederate's payoff for cooperation was greater than the subject's (Experiment I) and when the confederate's payoff for independent responding was less than the subject's (Experiment II). For some subjects, changes in the confederate's reinforcer magnitudes resulted in shifts in relative preference for cooperation, which reduced the earnings differences, even though these preference shifts reduced the subject's absolute earnings. For those subjects for whom within-dyad differences in reinforcer magnitude produced no effect, a changeover button was introduced that allowed the subject to eliminate the payoff difference without reducing her own earnings; some subjects used this changeover button to eliminate earnings differences. Thus, the behavior of subjects varied, in part, as a function of reinforcer magnitudes provided for the confederate. 相似文献
297.
The Holtzman Ink Blot Test was administered to 5- to 6-year-old children and analyzed for movement response. The range and frequency of movement response in both an original and replication study are significantly greater than would have been anticipated for this age group based upon available normative data. NO significant differences were found in the frequency of Human Movement and Animal Movement responses. No sex difference among subjects was found in the range and frequency of movement responses produced. These new findings call into question previously reported data as well as some of the theoretical presumptions underlying the production of movement responses by young children. 相似文献
298.
Karen A. Matthews C. Daniel Batson Joseph Horn Ray H. Rosenman 《Journal of personality》1981,49(3):237-247
The present research was conducted to explore genetic influences on empathic concern for others. First, an index of empathic concern was created by combining relevant items from Gough's Adjective Check List (ACL). This index was validated by correlating scores of 88 undergraduates on the index with their scores on a self-report measure of empathy, which has been related to prosocial behavior. Correlations were sufficiently high to accept the validity of the index. Next, previously collected ACL responses of 114 monozygotic (MZ) and 116 dizygotic (DZ) twins were reanalyzed in order to create an empathic concern score for each twin. The twins were middle-aged males initially raised together but living apart at the time they completed the ACL. Comparison of intraclass correlations for MZ and DZ twins revealed, as predicted by the genetic hypothesis, significant (p < .005) heritability in empathic concern scores. This finding suggests that there may, indeed, be a genetic influence on individual differences in empathic concern for others. Some limitations of the present data are also considered. How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him. 相似文献
299.
Movement responses by 5 1/2- to 6 1/2-year-old children on the Holtzman Inkblot Test were reported on by Lockwood et al. in volume 45 of this Journal. Criticism of the findings discussed in that article by J. Swartz, Reinehr, and C. Swartz was published in the December, 1981, volume of the Journal. The present article rebuts their criticism and emphasizes the significance of the original findings which reflect new and highly discrepant normative M response data from that previously available. 相似文献
300.
W.Bruce Walsh Joan O Hildebrand Connie M Ward Dorothy F Matthews 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1983,22(2):182-190
The main concern of this study was to investigate differences between black and white American women employed in traditional female occupations who took the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) and the Self-Directed Search (SDS). The VPI and the SDS were administered to 110 black and white non-college-degreed workers in three occupations (laboratory technicians, sales clerks, and clerk-typists) corresponding to three of Holland's environmental categories (Investigative, Enterprising, and Conventional). In general, the findings for the three VPI and SDS scales and for these six occupational groups are mixed. On the SDS scales, findings indicate that black and white women in the same occupation seem to be far more similar than different. On the scales of the VPI, however, white and black women in the same occupation seem to be more different than similar. 相似文献