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251.
252.
Gareth B. Matthews 《Metaphilosophy》1998,29(3):196-208
Augustine is both one of the great dogmatic thinkers in our Western tradition and also one of the most Socratic. How can that be? I suggest that Augustine is given to puzzling over questions of the form “How is it possible that p?”– for example, “How is it possible to measure time when no length of time is ever present to be measured?” Moreover, he asks questions of this form even when he is in no doubt that p is the case. (Thus he is in no doubt that we can measure periods of time even though, strictly speaking, no period of time is ever present.) I suggest further that we can learn something about good teaching from studying Augustine's Socratic-style inquiry. 相似文献
253.
Robert J. Matthews 《Synthese》1994,101(3):347-363
Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988), Fodor and McLaughlin (1990) and McLaughlin (1993) challenge connectionists to explain systematicity without simply implementing a classical architecture. In this paper I argue that what makes the challenge difficult for connectionists to meet has less to do with what is to be explained than with what is to count as an explanation. Fodor et al. are prepared to admit as explanatory, accounts of a sort that only classical models can provide. If connectionists are to meet the challenge, they are going to have to insist on the propriety of changing what counts as an explanation of systematicity. Once that is done, there would seem to be as yet no reason to suppose that connectionists are unable to explain systematicity.Shorter versions of this paper were presented at the 1993 annual meetings of both the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology and the Society for Philosophy and Psychology. The paper has benefited from the comments and criticisms of Frances Egan, David Chalmers, Terry Horgan, Brian McLaughlin, Tim van Gelder and Ted Warfield. 相似文献
254.
Two experiments are reported using Egyptian mouthbreeders as subjects in which circle/square discriminations were attempted. In Experiment 1, using large stimuli in a maze type situation, no learning was shown by any of the six subjects. In Experiment II, using a conditioned operant technique of nose banging with smaller stimuli, some learning was shown by only one of the five fish. Rapid learning of other discriminations using the square or circle as negative stimuli was subsequently shown. 相似文献
255.
Jennifer J. Matthews Fiona D. Fonseca Chantrelle Deron Varnado‐Johnson 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2021,49(1):60-71
We investigated attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, ethnic identity, and complicated grief symptoms among 86 African Americans after they experienced the death of a loved one. There were no significant correlations among ethnic identity, help‐seeking attitude, and complicated grief symptoms. Multiple regression analyses indicated that gender and education level predicted help‐seeking attitude, F(2, 84) = 4.64, p < .05, and that gender, education level, and religious affiliation predicted complicated grief symptoms, F(3, 79) = 3.73, p < .05. We explore the results, implications, and areas for future research. Investigamos las actitudes hacia la búsqueda de ayuda psicológica profesional, la identidad étnica y los síntomas de duelo complicado en 86 personas afroamericanas tras experimentar la muerte de un ser querido. No se hallaron correlaciones significativas entre la identidad étnica, la actitud de búsqueda de ayuda y los síntomas de duelo complicado. Los análisis de regresión múltiple indicaron que el sexo y el nivel de educación pronosticaron la actitud de búsqueda de ayuda, F(2, 84) = 4.64, p < .05, y que el sexo, el nivel de educación y la afiliación religiosa pronosticaron los síntomas de duelo complicado, F(3, 79) = 3.73, p < .05. Exploramos los resultados, implicaciones y áreas para investigaciones futuras. 相似文献
256.
Misperception of objects is a major cause of inaccuracies in adults' drawing. It has previously been established that participants' drawings are biased by their knowledge of the drawn object. We hypothesised that additional inaccuracy arises because drawings are biased towards participants' idiosyncratic canonical representations of the object. We report that participants' free drawings of a cylinder are correlated with their observational drawings of the same shape, providing evidence that people's observational drawings are distorted by their individual schematic representations of the objects in question. It is unclear whether this reflects a perceptual distortion or a bias in drawing production; in either case, this result provides a further explanation why people are poor at drawing from observation. 相似文献
257.
We tested the hypotheses that (1) high pessimism and low optimism (LOT-R overall and subscale scores) would predict high ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) level and 24-hour load (percentage of ABP values exceeding the pediatric 95th percentile) among healthy Black and White adolescents (n=201; 14-16 yrs) across 2 consecutive school days and (2) that the relationships for the pessimism and optimism subscales would show nonlinear effects. The hypotheses were confirmed for pessimism but not for optimism. The results suggest that high pessimism may have different effects than low optimism on ABP and that even moderate levels of pessimism may effect blood pressure regulation. These results suggest that optimism and pessimism are not the opposite poles on a single continuum but ought to be treated as separate constructs. 相似文献
258.
Discrimination and unfair treatment: relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This study examined the relationship of cardiovascular reactivity to both interpersonal mistreatment and discrimination in a community-based sample of African American and European American women (N=363) in midlife. Subtle mistreatment related positively to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity for African American participants but not their European American counterparts. Moreover, among the African American participants, those who attributed mistreatment to racial discrimination exhibited greater average DBP reactivity. In particular, these women demonstrated greater DBP reactivity to the speech task, which bore similarities to an encounter with racial prejudice but not to a nonsocial mirror tracing task. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that racial discrimination is a chronic stressor that can negatively impact the cardiovascular health of African Americans through pathogenic processes associated with physiologic reactivity. 相似文献
259.
Philosophical Studies - 相似文献
260.
Aspectual asymmetries in the mental representation of events: Role of lexical and grammatical aspect
Foong Ha Yap Patrick Chun Kau Chu Emily Sze Man Yiu Stella Fay Wong Stella Wing Man Kwan Stephen Matthews Li Hai Tan Ping Li Yasuhiro Shirai 《Memory & cognition》2009,37(5):587-595
Temporal information is important in the construction of situation models, and many languages make use of perfective and imperfective
aspect markers to distinguish between completed situations (e.g., He made a cake) and ongoing situations (e.g., He is making a cake). Previous studies in which the effect of grammatical aspect has been examined have shown that perfective sentences are often
processed more quickly than imperfective ones (e.g., Chan, Yap, Shirai, & Matthews, 2004; Madden & Zwaan, 2003; Yap et al.,
2004; Yap et al., 2006). However, these studies used only accomplishment verbs (i.e., verbs with an inherent endpoint, such
as bake a cake). The present study on the processing of Cantonese includes activity verbs (i.e., durative verbs with no inherent endpoint,
such as play the piano), and the results indicate a strong interaction between lexical aspect (i.e., verb type) and grammatical aspect. That is,
perfective sentences were processed more quickly with accomplishment verbs, consistent with previous findings, but imperfective
sentences were processed more quickly with activity verbs. We suggest that these different aspectual asymmetries emerge as
a result of the inherent associations between accomplishment verbs and the bounded features of perfective aspect and between
activity verbs and the unbounded features of imperfective aspect. The sentence stimuli from this study may be downloaded from
mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献