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141.
Effects of environmental variables on performance may be mediated by individual stress states. In this study the effects of jet-aircraft engine noise and signal salience on vigilance performance and self-reported stress state were examined. One hundred and ninety-two (96 female and 96 male) participants were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions consisting of 48 participants each resulting from the factorial combination of signal salience (high and low salience signals) and noise (95 dBA intermittent aircraft noise or quiet). Performance metrics and self-reported stress state (Task Engagement, Distress, and Worry) were collected. Performance in the noise conditions was significantly better than in the quiet conditions. Performance in the high salience conditions was significantly better than the low salience conditions. Noise elevated Task Engagement and low signal salience elevated Distress. Moreover, structural equation model analyses were used to examine stress state mediation between the experimental variables and performance. These analyses indicated Engagement mediates between noise and vigilance performance. 相似文献
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T J Matthews M Grigore L Tang M Doat L M Kow D W Pfaff 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1997,68(3):399-410
Sexual reinforcement in the female rat was studied in a preparation that allowed continuous operant responding for access to a male rat leading to intromission. Experiment 1 used a high operant level nose-poke response to test the possible reinforcing effects of some components of access to a male. A simple tone stimulus used as a conditioned reinforcer and two odor stimuli, target male bedding and emulsified preputial gland, were tested. None of these contingent events altered responding above or below operant level. Access to the male, which was always accompanied by intromission, immediately increased response rate when it was made contingent upon the nose-poke response. Performance on fixed-ratio schedules was erratic, and response rate was low in comparison to typical food-reinforced responding. An interresponse-time analysis indicated, however, that some effect of the ratio contingency may have been present. In Experiment 2, several modifications of the procedure were tested with the objective of creating a more tractable preparation for behavior analysis. Response type and the hormone delivery method were changed, and 2 target males were used instead of 1. The latter tripled the average number of reinforcers earned in a single session. Differences between sexual and other reinforcers are discussed in terms of procedural, quantitative, and motivational aspects of the sexual reinforcement procedure. 相似文献
146.
A stor , J ames Michael Fordham; Innovations in Analytical Psychology
K ast , V erena . Joy, Inspiration, and Hope
K ugler , P aul (ed.). Jungian Perspectives on Clinical Supervision
R obertson , R obin . Jungian Archetypes: Jung, Gödel, and the History of Archetypes
R oss , L ena B, & R oy , M anisha (eds). Cast the First Stone: Ethics in Analytic Practice
H acking , I an . Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personalities and the Sciences of Memory 相似文献
K ast , V erena . Joy, Inspiration, and Hope
K ugler , P aul (ed.). Jungian Perspectives on Clinical Supervision
R obertson , R obin . Jungian Archetypes: Jung, Gödel, and the History of Archetypes
R oss , L ena B, & R oy , M anisha (eds). Cast the First Stone: Ethics in Analytic Practice
H acking , I an . Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personalities and the Sciences of Memory 相似文献
147.
148.
Uninstructed human responding: Sensitivity of low-rate performance to schedule contingencies 总被引:12,自引:12,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Shimoff E Catania AC Matthews BA 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1981,36(2):207-220
College students' presses on a telegraph key occasionally turned on a light in the presence of which button presses produced points later exchangeable for money. Initially, responding was maintained by low-rate contingencies superimposed on either random-interval or random-ratio schedules. Later, the low-rate contingencies were relaxed. Low-rate key pressing had been established for some students by shaping and for others by demonstration and written instructions. After the low-rate contingencies were relaxed, higher response rates generally did not increase point earnings with random-interval scheduling, but did so with random-ratio scheduling. In both cases, shaped responding usually increased, and instructed responding usually continued at an unchanged low rate. The insensitivity of instructed responding typically occurred despite contact with the contingencies. The differential sensitivity to schedule contingencies of shaped responding relative to instructed responding is consistent with the different properties of contingency-governed and rule-governed behavior and is not rate-dependent. 相似文献
149.
William S. Helton William N. Dember Joel S. Warm Gerald Matthews 《Current Psychology》1999,18(4):311-325
Following the logic of a prior experiment (Seligman et al., 1990) with varsity collegiate swimmers, sixty student volunteers
performed a brief, but highly stressful vigilance task. Half were then given false feedback indicating poor performance; the
others experienced a non-evaluative display at that point. All were then asked to repeat the vigil. Half the observers were
assessed as high optimists and half as high pessimists. The pessimists showed a steeper vigilance decrement than the optimists,
consistent with a model (Scheier and Carver, 1987) that proposes that pessimists are more emotion-focused under stress than
optimists, and hence would be less attentive to the vigilance display, regardless of feedback condition. The false negative
feedback actually turned out to be ineffective; hence, based on Seligman's account of the swimmer study, which requires effective
negative feedback, there should have been no vigilance performance difference between optimists and pessimists, either pre-
or post-feedback. 相似文献
150.
W.A. Matthews 《Acta psychologica》1973,37(1):65-77
Lists of 18 words which varied in mean associative strength, the category membership of the associations and in word frequency were presented to subjects 3 times with recall required after each presentation. Recall efficiency increased with association level and with similarly categorised associates. In lists of High mean associative strength which consisted of similarly categorised words, the recall of high frequency word lists was facilitated but at low levels of associative strength, with similarly categorised words, recall was facilitated at both levels of word frequency used. Clustering and errors which were associatively related to the items being learned were greater in lists which contained sets of similarly categorised associates. 相似文献