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991.
Michael D. Robinson Jessica L. Bair Tianwei Liu Matthew J. Scott Ian B. Penzel 《Sex roles》2017,77(3-4):272-286
Men often score higher than women do on traits or tendencies marked by hostile dominance. The purpose of the present research was to contribute to an understanding of these gender differences. Four studies (total N?=?494 U.S. undergraduates) administered a modified animal preference test in which participants could choose to be predator or prey animals, but not labeled as such. Men were consistently more interested in being predator animals than women were, displaying a sort of hostile dominance in their projective preferences. Predator self-identifications, in turn, mediated gender differences in outcomes related to hostile dominance. Studies 1 and 2 provided initial evidence for this model in the context of variations in interpersonal arrogance, and Studies 3 and 4 extended the model to nonverbal displays and daily life prosociality, respectively. The findings indicate that gender differences in hostile dominance are paralleled by gender differences in preferring to think about the self in predator-like terms. Accordingly, the findings provide new insights into aggressive forms of masculine behavior. 相似文献
992.
Matthew S. Bedke 《Philosophical Studies》2010,151(1):39-57
Historically, the most persuasive argument against external reasons proceeds through a rationalist restriction: For all agents
A, and all actions Φ, there is a reason for A to Φ only if Φing is rationally accessible from A’s actual motivational states.
Here I distinguish conceptions of rationality, show which one the internalist must rely on to argue against external reasons,
and argue that a rationalist restriction that features that conception of rationality is extremely implausible. Other conceptions
of rationality can render the restriction true, but then the restriction simply fails to rule out external reasons. 相似文献
993.
Miller MJ 《Journal of counseling psychology》2010,57(2):179-186
This study attempted to replicate Miller's (2007) finding that a bilinear domain-specific model of Asian American acculturation demonstrated superior model fit when compared to unilinear and bilinear domain-generic models. Current confirmatory factor analytic tests of competing acculturation models in a cross-validation sample of 306 participants were consistent with Miller's findings. In addition, this study provided novel findings regarding the nature of the acculturation process by testing the bilinear domain-specific model across 1st and 2nd generation samples. Specifically, the generational status moderator hypothesis-that a unilinear model of acculturation would be most appropriate for 1st generation individuals and a bilinear model of acculturation would be most appropriate for 2nd generation individuals-was tested with 494 1st and 2nd generation Asian Americans. Contrary to the assumptions of the generational status moderator hypothesis, present findings demonstrated the appropriateness of the bilinear domain-specific model for both 1st and 2nd generation Asian Americans. Present findings also revealed a pattern of shared and unique relationships between cultural orientations and acculturation domains across generations. Implications for research and counseling are explored. 相似文献
994.
Matthew H. Slater 《Philosophia》2010,38(2):327-330
Imagine a deterministic world with plane-symmetry. Beings near this plane might well mistake it for a mirror. When they realize
their error, they might be apt to relinquish even stronglyheld commitments to views about the compatibility of freedom and
determinism. The following account reports such reflections. 相似文献
995.
Amarina Ariyanto Matthew J. Hornsey Cindy Gallois 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(1):169-177
Ingroup members who criticize their group face much less resistance than outgroup members who say the same thing (the intergroup sensitivity effect). In the context of intergroup conflict, however, it was predicted that treatment of ingroup critics would not be so generous. Muslim Indonesians read an extract from an interview in which the speaker criticized Muslims. The comments were attributed to either another Muslim or to a Christian. Before reading the criticism, half of the participants had read an article describing intense conflict between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia, whereas the other half read a neutral article. As predicted, negativity toward the ingroup critic and the ingroup critic's comments increased in the conflict salience condition, to the point that the intergroup sensitivity effect disappeared. However, conflict salience did not have an effect on attributions of motive or on agreement with the message. Implications for our understanding of “patriotic criticism” are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
996.
Larry L. Jacoby Christopher N. Wahlheim Matthew G. Rhodes Karen A. Daniels Chad S. Rogers 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(6):820-829
Results from two experiments revealed that prior experience with proactive interference (PI) diminished PI’s effects for both
young and older adults. Participants were given two rounds of experience, with different materials, in a situation that produced
PI. Comparisons with a control condition showed that the effects of PI on accuracy and on high-confidence intrusion errors
(false memory) were reduced on the second round, as compared with those on the first. Also, the ability of confidence to diagnose
accuracy of responding improved across rounds. Effects of prior experience with PI depended on feedback given at the time
of test (Experiment 1). At least in part, the diminishment of PI resulted from participants’ allocating more attention to
interference items during study in the second round than in the first (Experiment 2). Implications of the results for interpreting
age differences in PI and false memory are discussed. 相似文献
997.
I describe a naive realist conception of perceptual knowledge, which faces a challenge from the idea that normal perceivers and brains-in-vats have equally justified perceptual beliefs. I defend the naive realist position from Nicholas Silins's recent version of this challenge. I argue that Silins's main objection fails, and that the naive realist understanding of perceptual knowledge can be reconciled with the idea that brains-in-vats have justified perceptual beliefs. 相似文献
998.
Matthew G. Quinlan Andrew DuncanCatherine Loiselle Nicole GraffeWayne G. Brake 《Brain and cognition》2010
Estrogen has been shown to have a strong modulatory influence on several types of cognition in both women and female rodents. Latent inhibition is a task in which pre-exposure to a neutral stimulus, such as a tone, later impedes the association of that stimulus with a particular consequence, such as a shock. Previous work from our lab demonstrates that high levels of estradiol (E2) administered to ovariectomized (OVX) female rats abolishes latent inhibition when compared to female rats with low levels of E2 or male rats. To determine if this E2-induced impairment also occurs with the natural variations of ovarian hormones during the estrous cycle, this behavior was investigated in cycling female rats. In addition, pre-pubertal male and female rats were also tested in this paradigm to determine if the previously described sex differences are activational or organizational in nature. In a latent inhibition paradigm using a tone and a shock, adult rats were conditioned during different points of the estrous cycle. Rats conditioned during proestrus, a period of high E2 levels, exhibited attenuated latent inhibition when compared to rats conditioned during estrus or metestrus, periods associated with low levels of E2. Moreover, this effect is not seen until puberty indicating it is dependent on the surge of hormones at puberty. This study confirms recent findings that high E2 interferes with latent inhibition and is the first to show this is based in the activational actions of hormones. 相似文献
999.
Josh M. Cisler Bunmi O. Olatunji Matthew T. Feldner John P. Forsyth 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):68-82
The construct of emotion regulation has been increasingly investigated in the last decade, and this work has important implications
for advancing anxiety disorder theory. This paper reviews research demonstrating that: 1) emotion (i.e., fear and anxiety)
and emotion regulation are distinct, non-redundant, constructs that can be differentiated at the conceptual, behavioral, and
neural levels of analysis; 2) emotion regulation can augment or diminish fear, depending on the emotion regulation strategy
employed; and 3) measures of emotion regulation explain incremental variance in anxiety disorder symptoms above and beyond
the variance explained by measures of emotional reactivity. The authors propose a model by which emotion regulation may function
in the etiology of anxiety disorders. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research. 相似文献
1000.
Ira E. Hyman Jr S. Matthew Boss Breanne M. Wise Kira E. McKenzie Jenna M. Caggiano 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(5):597-607
We investigated the effects of divided attention during walking. Individuals were classified based on whether they were walking while talking on a cell phone, listening to an MP3 player, walking without any electronics or walking in a pair. In the first study, we found that cell phone users walked more slowly, changed directions more frequently, and were less likely to acknowledge other people than individuals in the other conditions. In the second study, we found that cell phone users were less likely to notice an unusual activity along their walking route (a unicycling clown). Cell phone usage may cause inattentional blindness even during a simple activity that should require few cognitive resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献