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891.
Event duration perception is fundamental to cognitive functioning. Recent research has shown that localized sensory adaptation compresses perceived duration of brief visual events in the adapted location; however, there is disagreement on whether the source of these temporal distortions is cortical or pre-cortical. The current study reveals that spatially localized duration compression can also be direction contingent, in that duration compression is induced when adapting and test stimuli move in the same direction but not when they move in opposite directions. Because of its direction-contingent nature, the induced duration compression reported here is likely to be cortical in origin. A second experiment shows that the adaptation processes driving duration compression can occur at or beyond human cortical area MT+, a specialized motion center located upstream from primary visual cortex. The direction-specificity of these temporal mechanisms, in conjunction with earlier reports of pre-cortical temporal mechanisms driving duration perception, suggests that our encoding of subsecond event duration is driven by activity at multiple levels of processing. 相似文献
892.
893.
The present study tested whether individual differences in autonomic nervous system functioning interact with environmental risk factors to predict adolescents' psychosocial functioning. The authors assessed skin conductance and respiratory sinus arrhythmia at rest and during laboratory stressors in 110 14-year-olds. Subsequently, adolescents and their mothers provided both questionnaire and daily diary data (over 10 days) on emotional and interpersonal functioning. The authors found stronger associations between environmental risk factors (having a single-mother household or a mother with high internalizing problems) and psychosocial outcomes (externalizing problems, daily negative affect, and daily interaction quality) among youths with specific patterns of tonic and stress-induced sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity, but the pattern of moderating effects differed between boys and girls. The findings support the notion that individual differences in autonomic functioning index variation in youth's susceptibility to environmental risk factors. 相似文献
894.
Kimball DR Smith TA Muntean WJ 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2012,38(4):923-954
A widely held assumption in metamemory is that better, more accurate metamemory monitoring leads to better, more efficacious restudy decisions, reflected in better memory performance--we refer to this causal chain as the restudy selectivity hypothesis. In 3 sets of experiments, we tested this hypothesis by factorially manipulating metamemory monitoring accuracy and self-regulation of study. To manipulate monitoring accuracy, we compared judgments of learning (JOLs) made contemporaneously with a delayed retrieval attempt to JOLs either made at a delay without attempting retrieval or made immediately after study; in previous studies, delayed retrieval-based JOLs have robustly predicted recall with greater relative accuracy than have the other JOL types. To manipulate self-regulation of study, in Experiments 1A-1C and 2A-2C, we compared conditions in which participants' restudy selections were honored with conditions in which they were completely or randomly dishonored; in Experiments 3A-3C, we randomly honored or dishonored half of the restudy selections and half of the nonselections. Results revealed that the benefit of delayed, retrieval-based JOLs for final memory performance was due largely to the selection of more items for restudy rather than to better discriminations between items that would benefit more versus less from restudy. In most cases, gains in recall due to greater self-regulation of study did not increase with better monitoring accuracy; when they did, the effect was extremely small. The surprising conclusion was that restudy decisions were not very much more efficacious under conditions that yield greater monitoring accuracy than under those that do not. 相似文献
895.
The conflict monitoring model of cognitive control posits that response conflict triggers a top-down enhancement of a task’s
representation in working memory. In the present study, we conducted a novel test of the conflict monitoring model using a
voluntary task switching paradigm. We predicted that a task’s representation would be enhanced following events associated
with high response conflict (i.e., incongruent trials and incorrect responses), leading participants to voluntarily choose
to repeat that task more often after these events than after events associated with low response conflict (i.e., congruent
trials and correct responses). In two experiments, performance following incongruent trials was consistent with the conflict
monitoring model. However, performance following incorrect trials did not fit with the model’s predictions. These findings
provide novel support for the conflict monitoring model while revealing new effects of incorrect trials that the model cannot
explain. 相似文献
896.
Masin SC 《Psychological research》2012,76(1):1-7
The study explored the achromatic-color determinants of grouping of uniform surfaces. The stimuli were a set of separate uniform
achromatic disks on either a uniform or a bipartite achromatic background. The participants rated the salience of grouping
of these disks for different combinations of stimulus luminances. The results show that achromatic color similarity alone
could not sufficiently explain the pattern of obtained factorial curves but this factor coupled with the factor of surface
segregation could. Luminance contrast similarity per se was found to be unimportant for grouping. 相似文献
897.
Two sources of attentional capture have been proposed: stimulus-driven (exogenous) and goal-oriented (endogenous). A resolution
between these modes of capture has not been straightforward. Even such a clearly exogenous event as the sudden onset of a
stimulus can be said to capture attention endogenously if observers operate in singleton-detection mode rather than feature-search
mode. In four experiments we show that a unique sudden onset captures attention even when observers are in feature-search
mode. The displays were rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams of differently coloured letters with the target letter
defined by a specific colour. Distractors were four #s, one of the target colour, surrounding one of the non-target letters.
Capture was substantially reduced when the onset of the distractor array was not unique because it was preceded by other sets
of four grey # arrays in the RSVP stream. This provides unambiguous evidence that attention can be captured both exogenously
and endogenously within a single task. 相似文献
898.
Schmitz WM Allen MH Feldman BN Gutin NJ Jahn DR Kleespies PM Quinnett P Simpson S 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2012,42(3):292-304
There are twice as many suicides as homicides in the United States, and the suicide rate is rising. Suicides increased 12% between 1999 and 2009. Mental health professionals often treat suicidal patients, and suicide occurs even among patients who are seeking treatment or are currently in treatment. Despite these facts, training of most mental health professionals in the assessment and management of suicidal patients is surprisingly limited. The extant literature regarding the frequency with which mental health professionals encounter suicidal patients is reviewed, as is the prevalence of training in suicide risk assessment and management. Most importantly, six recommendations are made to address the longstanding insufficient training within the mental health professions regarding the assessment and management of suicidal patients. 相似文献
899.
This paper surveys the field of Judaism and health. The authors trace the history of discourse on health and healing within
Judaism, from the biblical and rabbinic eras to contemporary research and writing on Jewish bioethics, pastoral care, communal
services, and aging, including congregational and community programming related to health and illness and the emergence of
the Jewish healing movement. The work of the Kalsman Institute on Judaism and Health is described, focusing on efforts to
unite these various threads into a scholarly field emphasizing basic and applied research on the instrumental functions of
Jewish religious life for health and well-being. 相似文献
900.
Jotkowitz A 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(4):835-840
A new bill regulating ovum donation in Israel is set to pass its second and third readings in the Israel Parliament in the
upcoming months. The new law will expand the number of locally donated ova available, as previously Israeli women were prohibited
from donating eggs unless they were undergoing fertility treatment. Parallel to this legislative initiative, there has been
a change in rabbinical thinking over who is considered the mother in a case of surrogacy. Previously, the consensus has been
that the birth mother is to be considered the mother, but over the last few years there has been a change in thinking and
the genetic mother is now considered the mother. The purpose of this paper is to present the ethical and legal issues from
a Jewish perspective in determining maternal identity. The dilemma also demonstrates some of the difficulties in applying
Talmudic law to modern problems and the various methodologies used to overcome these issues. 相似文献