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151.
152.
In this study, we evaluated CUIDAR, a program that provides community-based 10-week parent training to reduce attention and
behavior problems in preschool children. We recruited 154 predominantly low-income and Latino preschoolers and their parents
to participate in this evaluation study. We collected data prior to and immediately following intervention and one year later.
At the time of follow-up, we also recruited 15 parents who had initially enrolled, but never participated in the program to
serve as a comparison group for a limited set of analyses. From pre to post intervention, we observed significant, positive
changes in eight out of ten measured parenting behaviors. From pre intervention to follow-up, improvements in the use of transitional
statements and planning ahead were significant. Children’s SDQ Total Difficulties scores significantly decreased from pre
to post intervention (d = .36), and we observed significant, positive changes in all SDQ subscales. From pre intervention to follow-up, children’s
SDQ Total Difficulties scores significantly decreased (d = .71) and all SDQ subscales reflected significant, positive changes. We observed no significant differences in reported
barriers to participation between parents who participated in the program and those who enrolled, but never participated.
Intervention gains were moderated by several factors, including history of out-of-home care and family structure. Our results
should be interpreted cautiously because not all analyses included a comparison group, and a randomized trial of CUIDAR effectiveness
is still needed. 相似文献
153.
Matt Stichter 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2011,14(1):73-86
According to Rosalind Hursthouse’s virtue based account of right action, an act is right if it is what a fully virtuous person
would do in that situation. Robert Johnson has criticized the account on the grounds that the actions a non-virtuous person
should take are often uncharacteristic of the virtuous person, and thus Hursthouse’s account of right action is too narrow.
The non-virtuous need to take steps to improve themselves morally, and the fully virtuous person need not take these steps.
So Johnson argues that any virtue based account of right action will have to find a way to ground a moral obligation to improve
oneself. This paper argues that there is an account of virtue that can offer a partial solution to Johnson’s challenge, an
account where virtue is a type of practical skill and in which the virtuous person is seen as having expertise. The paper
references the account of skill acquisition developed by Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus. Their research demonstrates that novices
in a skill have to employ different strategies to act well than the strategies used by the experts, and so the ‘virtue as
skill’ thesis provides support for Johnson’s claim that the actions of the non-virtuous will differ from the virtuous. On
the other hand, their research suggests that there is no separating the commitment to improve yourself from the possession
of expertise, and so the ‘virtue as skill’ thesis has the resources for grounding the obligation to improve oneself in an
account of virtue. 相似文献
154.
Scott E. Culhane Sage M. Hilstad Adrienne Freng Matt J. Gray 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2011,8(1):1-21
The following paper presents a case study of a convicted serial murderer. Through data from personal correspondence, police reports, a true crime novel, witness statements, medical examiner reports, court appeals, and crime scene reports from the actual murder cases, and most important, a series of psychological self‐report measures, a case study was developed. Included in the psychological measures were tests of general psychopathology, specific tests of psychopathy, anger and aggression scales, and sociological measures related to family, individual, situational, and community risk factors, as well as previous criminal behaviour, including weapon and drug use. The results of these various measures are incorporated into the life history and criminal activity of the individual. The purpose of this research was to develop a more complete psychological report of a serial killer than any other previously reported. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
155.
Dietary restraint is a prospective risk factor for the development of binge eating and bulimia nervosa. Although many women engage in dietary restraint, relatively few develop binge eating. Dietary restraint may increase susceptibility for binge eating only in individuals who are at genetic risk. Specifically, dietary restraint may be a behavioral exposure factor that activates genetic predispositions for binge eating. We investigated this possibility in 1,678 young adolescent and adult same-sex female twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study and the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Twin moderation models were used to examine whether levels of dietary restraint moderate genetic and environmental influences on binge eating. Results indicated that genetic and nonshared environmental factors for binge eating increased at higher levels of dietary restraint. These effects were present after controlling for age, body mass index, and genetic and environmental overlap among dietary restraint and binge eating. Results suggest that dietary restraint may be most important for individuals at genetic risk for binge eating and that the combination of these factors could enhance individual differences in risk for binge eating. 相似文献
156.
The consistent association between adolescent sexual initiation (ASI) and risky adult sexual behavior (RASB) has generally been assumed to indicate that ASI has a causal effect on RASB; consequently, it is assumed that delaying ASI will reduce RASB. Yet the ASI-RASB association might be better accounted for by some third variable. We evaluated the causal role of ASI (initiation of oral, anal, or vaginal sex at or before age 16) in influencing RASB in a longitudinal sample of 2,173 twins (followed from ages 11 to 24 or from ages 17 to 29) using two methods: the discordant-twin design and the propensity-score design. The former controlled for unmeasured genetic and shared environmental factors, and the latter controlled for measured nonshared environmental factors. We replicated the link between ASI and RASB reported in previous research, but results from the discordant-twin and propensity-score analyses suggested that this association is better explained by common genetic or environmental risk factors than as a causal effect. These findings suggest that preventing ASI is unlikely to reduce RASB. 相似文献
157.
Klahr AM Rueter MA McGue M Iacono WG Burt SA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(5):683-694
Prior studies have indicated that the relationship between parent-child conflict and adolescent antisocial behavior is at
least partially shared environmental in origin. However, all available research on this topic (to our knowledge) relies exclusively
on parent and/or adolescent informant-reports, both of which are subject to various forms of rater bias. As the presence of
significant shared environmental effects has often been attributed to rater bias in the past (Baker et al. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 16:219–235, 2007; Bartels et al. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42:1351–1359, 2003, Twin Research 7:162–175, 2004; Hewitt et al. Behavior Genetics 22:293–317, 1992), it would be important to confirm that findings of shared environmental mediation persist when even examining (presumably
more objective) observer-ratings of these constructs. The current study thus examined the origins of the relationship between
parent-child conflict and adolescent acting-out behavior, as measured using both observer-ratings and various informant-reports.
Participants included 1,199 adopted and non-adopted adolescents in 610 families from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior
Study (SIBS). Results indicated that parent-child conflict consistently predicts acting-out behavior in adopted adolescents,
and moreover, that this association is equivalent to that in biologically-related adolescents. Most importantly, these findings
did not vary across parent- and adolescent-reported or observer-ratings of parent-child conflict and acting-out behavior.
Such findings argue strongly against rater bias as a primary explanation of shared environmental mediation of the association
between parent-child conflict and adolescent antisocial behavior. 相似文献
158.
159.
Genetic and environmental factors underlying relationships between personality traits and disordered eating were examined in 256 female adolescent twin pairs (166 monozygotic, 90 dizygotic). Eating behaviors were assessed with the Total Score, Body Dissatisfaction, Weight Preoccupation, Binge Eating, and Compensatory Behavior subscales from the Minnesota Eating Disorders Inventory (M-EDI; K. L. Klump, M. McGue, & W. G. Iacono, 2000). Personality characteristics were assessed with the Negative Emotionality, Positive Emotionality, and Constraint scales from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; A. Tellegen, 1982). Model-fitting analyses indicated that although genetic factors were more likely to contribute to MPQ and M-EDI phenotypic associations than environmental factors, shared genetic variance between the 2 phenotypes was limited. MPQ personality characteristics may represent only some of several genetic risk factors for eating pathology. 相似文献
160.
The present study examined sleep architecture as a function of handedness in a population of undergraduate college women using a home sleep monitor. Compared to strongly handed individuals, participants with a tendency toward mixed-handedness had a shorter sleep latency and spent a greater percentage of their sleep period asleep and less awake. Increasing mixed-handedness was also associated with increased NREM; strong-handedness was associated with increased REM. Results are placed in a neurophysiological framework wherein corpus callosum mediated differences in interhemispheric interaction during Wake, REM, and NREM on the one hand, and individual differences in corpus callosum morphology and hemispheric communication as a function of handedness on the other, interact to result in handedness differences in sleep architecture. 相似文献