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171.
Consistent with the widely accepted notion of separate specification of movement amplitude and direction, it has been argued
that there is also a categorical difference between adaptation to novel visuomotor rotations and to novel visuomotor gains.
In line with this view, ageing seems to affect rotation and gain adaptation differently in that age-related impairments are
consistently found for the former, but not for the latter. In this study we ask whether the contrasting findings could also
be ascribed to differences in the level of difficulty of gain and rotation adaptation tasks, respectively. In order to increase
the difficulty of gain adaptation, younger and older participants had to adapt to a direction-dependent gain transformation.
Results revealed direction-dependent adaptation in both groups. More importantly, we replicated the typical findings of age-related
impairments of adaptation, but not of aftereffects, that were previously only reported for rotation adaptation. Younger participants
also showed superior explicit knowledge regarding the novel visuomotor mapping as compared to the older participants. We show
that this knowledge was used by younger participants to selectively augment adaptive shifts. Finally, our findings suggest
that the difficulty of the novel visuomotor transformation and, related to this, the involvement of explicit knowledge in
adaptation is critical for age-related changes to show up, but not the type of adaptation task, rotation and gain adaptation,
respectively. 相似文献
172.
Animal Cognition - Gaze following refers to the ability to co-orient with others’ gaze directions. Ontogenetic studies on gaze following in animals have predominantly used human experimenters... 相似文献
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Research on the relation between sound and meaning in language has reported substantial evidence for implicit associations between articulatory–acoustic characteristics of phonemes and emotions. In the present study, we specifically tested the relation between the acoustic properties of a text and its emotional tone as perceived by readers. To this end, we asked participants to assess the emotional tone of single stanzas extracted from a large variety of poems. The selected stanzas had either an extremely high, a neutral, or an extremely low average formant dispersion. To assess the average formant dispersion per stanza, all words were phonetically transcribed and the distance between the first and second formant per vowel was calculated. Building on a long tradition of research on associations between sound frequency on the one hand and non-acoustic concepts such as size, strength, or happiness on the other hand, we hypothesized that stanzas with an extremely high average formant dispersion would be rated lower on items referring to Potency (dominance) and higher on items referring to Activity (arousal) and Evaluation (emotional valence). The results confirmed our hypotheses for the dimensions of Potency and Evaluation, but not for the dimension of Activity. We conclude that, at least in poetic language, extreme values of acoustic features of vowels are a significant predictor for the emotional tone of a text. 相似文献
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Animal Cognition - Preening behaviours are widespread in extant birds. While most birds appear to autopreen (self-directed preening), allopreening (preening directed at conspecifics) seems to have... 相似文献
180.