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961.
Christopher T. H. Liang Anisha Nathwani Sarah Ahmad Jessica K. Prince 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2010,38(2):77-87
The relationship between coping strategies used by South Asian American women and subjective well‐being (SWB) was studied. Second‐generation women were found to use more support compared with 1st‐generation women. Problem‐solving coping was inversely related to age. Avoidance coping was found to predict SWB when controlling for age and generational status. Se estudió la relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento empleadas por mujeres americanas surasiáticas y el bienestar subjetivo (SWB, por sus siglas en inglés). Se descubrió que las mujeres de segunda generación emplean más apoyos que los que emplearon las mujeres de primera generación. El afrontamiento basado en la resolución de problemas fue inversamente proporcional a la edad. También se halló que el afrontamiento basado en la evitación puede predecir el SWB, cuando se controlan los datos de edad y estatus generacional. 相似文献
962.
According to some conceptions, self-esteem possesses a moral dimension; according to others, it does not. According to some, the realism of the self-evaluation matters; according to others, it does not. For some investigators, narcissism is just high self-esteem; for others, narcissism involves internal conflicts within one's self-evaluation, which is strongly dependent on admiration extracted from other people. The best known procedure for measuring self-esteem has been a 10 question survey introduced by Rosenberg in 1965. Along with other insensitivities and biases, the Rosenberg scale fails to respond to the different high-level values or “sources” that are constitutive of self-esteem for different individuals. A person's self-esteem can be contingent on internal sources (such as independent thinking, productive projects, and moral commitments), or on external sources (such as fame, wealth, physical appearance, or the approval of peers). A study reported here investigated the relationships among global explicit self-esteem (as assessed with the Rosenberg scale), reliance on internal sources of self-esteem (measured with the Self-Esteem Sentence Completion Instrument), reliance on several external sources (via the External Sources of Self-Esteem scale), and narcissistic tendencies (as per the Narcissistic Personality Inventory). The participants were 97 undergraduate college students enrolled in psychology courses. Rosenberg and NPI scores displayed different patterns of correlation with various subscales of the ESOSES, raising the prospect that profiles of various external sources will enable us to differentiate between self-esteem and narcissism. Meanwhile, scores on the SESCI were not significantly related to any other variable, except for a mild negative correlation with the success recognition subscale of the ESOSES—an outcome that raises both theoretical and measurement questions about internal sources. Contrary to frequent assumptions of direct rivalry, reliance on internal sources of self-esteem may be largely independent of reliance on external sources. At the same time, however, more work obviously needs to be done on measuring internal sources of self-esteem, both explicit and implicit. 相似文献
963.
Studies in adults indicate that response preparation is crucial to inhibitory control, but it remains unclear whether preparation contributes to improvements in inhibitory control over the course of childhood and adolescence. In order to assess the role of response preparation in developmental improvements in inhibitory control, we parametrically manipulated the duration of the instruction period in an antisaccade (AS) task given to participants from ages 8 to 31 years. Regressions showing a protracted development of AS performance were consistent with existing research, and two novel findings emerged. First, all participants showed improved performance with increased preparation time, indicating that response preparation is crucial to inhibitory control at all stages of development. Preparatory processes did not deteriorate at even the longest preparatory period, indicating that the youngest participants were able to sustain preparation at even the longest interval. Second, developmental trajectories did not differ for different preparatory period lengths, highlighting that the processes supporting response preparation continue to mature in tandem with improvements in AS performance. Our findings suggest that developmental improvements are not simply due to an inhibitory system that is faster to engage but may also reflect qualitative changes in the processes engaged during the preparatory period. 相似文献
964.
Jennifer L. Greenberg Sarah Markowitz Michael R. Petronko Caitlin E. Taylor Sabine Wilhelm G. Terence Wilson 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2010,17(3):248-258
The onset of appearance-related concerns associated with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) typically occurs in adolescence, and these concerns are often severe enough to interfere with normal development and psychosocial functioning. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for adults with BDD. However, no treatment studies focusing on adolescents with BDD have been conducted. The need for an effective treatment in this population led to the development of a brief CBT protocol with family involvement. The treatment focuses on enhancing an adolescent's quality of life through the reduction of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors, and incorporates skills training and parent training. Similar treatment packages have already been shown to be efficacious for children and adolescents with similar disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia. The following case illustrates the application of this brief CBT protocol for BDD in an adolescent, and highlights clinical considerations needed when adapting CBT for a pediatric population. Treatment was associated with clinically significant improvement in symptoms of BDD, self-esteem, depression, and quality of life. This report extends extant literature by suggesting that CBT may be a helpful treatment for adolescents with BDD. 相似文献
965.
Emma Sterrett Deborah J. Jones Alecia Zalot Sarah Shook 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(6):697-701
Although research has shown that multi-systemic interventions (MSIs) improve youth psychosocial functioning, MSI dissemination
has been hampered by low levels of parent participation. The current pilot project was designed to examine the effectiveness
of a brief motivational interviewing (MI) protocol to increase parental engagement in an MSI for youth suspended from middle
and high school. Preliminary findings suggest that parents who received brief MI were more likely to attend a parent-training
workshop and reported greater satisfaction with the parenting workshops than parents who did not. Parents in the brief MI
group also reported a relatively high level of satisfaction with the MI procedures. Implications for future research and MSIs
are discussed. 相似文献
966.
Ansgar D. Endress Sarah Carden Elisabetta Versace Marc D. Hauser 《Animal cognition》2010,13(3):483-495
A wide variety of organisms produce actions and signals in particular temporal sequences, including the motor actions recruited
during tool-mediated foraging, the arrangement of notes in the songs of birds, whales and gibbons, and the patterning of words
in human speech. To accurately reproduce such events, the elements that comprise such sequences must be memorized. Both memory
and artificial language learning studies have revealed at least two mechanisms for memorizing sequences, one tracking co-occurrence
statistics among items in sequences (i.e., transitional probabilities) and the other one tracking the positions of items in sequences, in particular those of items in sequence-edges. The latter mechanism seems to dominate the encoding
of sequences after limited exposure, and to be recruited by a wide array of grammatical phenomena. To assess whether humans
differ from other species in their reliance on one mechanism over the other after limited exposure, we presented chimpanzees
(Pan troglodytes) and human adults with brief exposure to six items, auditory sequences. Each sequence consisted of three distinct sound types
(X, A, B), arranged according to two simple temporal rules: the A item always preceded the B item, and the sequence-edges
were always occupied by the X item. In line with previous results with human adults, both species primarily encoded positional
information from the sequences; that is, they kept track of the items that occurred in the sequence-edges. In contrast, the
sensitivity to co-occurrence statistics was much weaker. Our results suggest that a mechanism to spontaneously encode positional
information from sequences is present in both chimpanzees and humans and may represent the default in the absence of training
and with brief exposure. As many grammatical regularities exhibit properties of this mechanism, it may be recruited by language
and constrain the form that certain grammatical regularities take. 相似文献
967.
As the drive for muscularity is an important construct for researchers involved in understanding men's body image, having reliable and valid measures of the construct is essential. This study assessed the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) in a community-based sample of 594 Scottish men participating in an organized running event. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two subscales (Muscularity-oriented body image and Muscularity behavior) as well as a higher-order factor. Both subscales and the total score had acceptable levels of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and construct validity. These findings provide support for the DMS as a measure of the drive for muscularity in men. It is recommended that, in future, careful consideration is given to the distinction between muscularity attitudes and behavior. 相似文献
968.
Sarah Shomstein Ruth Kimchi Maxim Hammer Marlene Behrmann 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(3):607-618
To what extent can human observers process visual information that is not currently the focus of attention? We evaluated the extent to which unattended visual information (i.e., that which appears on the neglected side of space in individuals with hemispatial neglect) is perceptually organized and influences the perceptual processing of information on the attended side. To examine this, patients (and matched controls) judged whether successive, complex checkerboard stimuli (targets), presented entirely to their intact side of space, were the same or different. Concurrent with this demanding task, irrelevant distractor elements appeared on the unattended side and either changed or retained their perceptual grouping on successive displays, independently of changes in the ipsilesional task-relevant target. Changes in the grouping of the unattended task-irrelevant distractor elements produced congruency effects on the attended target-change judgment to the same extent in the neglect patients as in the control participants, and this was true even in those patients with severe attentional deficits. These results suggest that some perceptual processes, such as grouping, can operate in the absence of attention. 相似文献
969.
Based on her anthropological research, Nichter (2000) concluded that it is normative for many American girls to engage in body self-disparagement in the form of “fat talk.” The purpose of the present two studies was to develop a quantitative measure of fat talk. A series of 17 scenarios were created in which “Naomi” is talking with a female friend(s) and there is an expression of fat talk. College women respondents rated the frequency with which they would behave in a similar way as the women in each scenario. A nine-item one-factor scale was determined through principal components analysis and its scores yielded evidence of internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability over a five-week time period, construct validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity in that it predicted unique variance in body shame and eating disorder symptoms above and beyond other measures of self-objectification. 相似文献
970.