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101.
Sato H Takenaka I Kawahara JI 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2012,65(4):617-623
Selective attention can be improved under conditions in which a high perceptual load is assumed to exhaust cognitive resources, leaving scarce resources for distractor processing. The present study examined whether perceptual load and acute stress share common attentional resources by manipulating perceptual and stress loads. Participants identified a target within an array of nontargets that were flanked by compatible or incompatible distractors. Attentional selectivity was measured by longer reaction times in response to the incompatible than to the compatible distractors. Participants in the stress group participated in a speech test that increased anxiety and threatened self-esteem. The effect of perceptual load interacted with the stress manipulation in that participants in the control group demonstrated an interference effect under the low perceptual load condition, whereas such interference disappeared under the high perceptual load condition. Importantly, the stress group showed virtually no interference under the low perceptual load condition, whereas substantial interference occurred under the high perceptual load condition. These results suggest that perceptual and stress related demands consume the same attentional resources. 相似文献
102.
Effects of luminance contrast on color spreading and illusory contour in the neon color spreading effect 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The present study examined whether color spreading and illusory contours in the neon color spreading effect of Ehrenstein figures are governed by different mechanisms. In the experiment, Ehrenstein figures with colored crosses inserted in the central gaps were used. There were three luminance conditions: the luminance of the Ehrenstein figures was lower than, the same as, or higher than the luminance of the background. In each condition, 16 trials (2 sets of instructions X 8 repetitions) were conducted in a random order. Subjects were required to adjust the luminance of the colored crosses according to one of the two sets of instruction given before each trial. One was to adjust the upper and lower thresholds in the luminance of the colored crosses such that their color was seen to spread out of the crosses. The other was to adjust the thresholds such that circular illusory contours were visible. It was found that illusory contours disappeared and the color spreading remained when the crosses and the Ehrenstein figures were in or nearly in isoluminance or when the Ehrenstein figures and the background were in isoluminance. These results suggest that color spreading and illusory contours are governed by different mechanisms. 相似文献
103.
Cortical activity during speech recognition was examined using optical topography (OT), a recently developed non-invasive technique. To assess relative changes in hemoglobin oxygenation, local changes in near-infrared light absorption were measured simultaneously from 44 points in both hemispheres. A dichotic listening paradigm was used in this experiment, in which target stimuli and non-target stimuli were presented to different ears. Subjects were asked to track targets and to press a button when targets shifted from one ear to the other. We compared three tasks: (i) a control task, in which a tone was used as the target; (ii) a repeat task, in which the target was one repeated sentence; (iii) a story task, in which the targets were continuous sentences of a story. The activity for the story task, compared with the repeat task, was localized in the left superior temporal cortex. Relative to the control task, we observed in this region a larger increase in oxyhemoglobin concentration and a decrease in deoxyhemoglobin concentration in the story task than those in the repeat task. These results suggest that the activity in the left temporal association area reflects the load of auditory, memory, and language information processing. 相似文献
104.
The relationship between collective self-esteem and self-construal in Japan and Canada. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The study examined the relationship between various facets of collective self-esteem (R. Luhtanen & J. Crocker, 1992) and independent and interdependent self-construals (H. R. Markus & S. Kitayama, 1991) among students in Japan and Canada. The results suggested that individuals with highly interdependent self-construals regarded social group memberships as self-defining, regardless of culture. Individuals with independent self-construals judged their groups positively and felt they were worthy members of their groups and that others evaluated their groups positively. Canadians who evaluated their social groups favorably may be members of groups that permitted them to be independent. In contrast, individuals in Japan who judged their groups favorably may be members of groups that promoted interdependence in addition to independence. 相似文献
105.
Sociotropy-autonomy (Beck, 1983) describes a set of personality dimensions that relate to an individual's vulnerability to depression. Two recently developed scales, the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (Clark & Beck, 1991) and the Personal Style Inventory (Robinset al., 1994), have been developed in order to assess these personality dimensions. Typically, these measures are used in isolation and little published information is available concerning their interrelationship. The present study examined the relationship between the two scales and specified the various factors that emerge when the items of the two scales are integrated. Six hundred fifty-two participants responded to the Personal Style Inventory (Robinset al, 1994) and the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (Clark & Beck, 1991). A factor analysis on all of the items of the two scales revealed a five-factor structure (two sociotropy, two autonomy, and one achievement factor). The relationships among depression, the five derived factors, and the original scales developed by Clark and Beck (1991) and Robinset al. (1994) were critically examined. The results are discussed in the context of vulnerability to depression. 相似文献
106.
Retributive justice, restorative justice, and forgiveness: An experimental psychophysiology analysis
Charlotte V.O. Witvliet Everett L. Worthington Amy F. Sato Julie J. Exline 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(1):10-25
This experiment assessed the emotional self-reports and physiology of justice outcomes and forgiveness responses to a common crime, using a three Justice (retributive, restorative, no justice) × 2 Forgiveness (forgiveness, none) repeated-measures design. Participants (27 males, 29 females) imagined their residence was burglarized, followed by six counterbalanced justice-forgiveness outcomes. Imagery of justice—especially restorative—and forgiveness each reduced unforgiving motivations and negative emotion (anger, fear), and increased prosocial and positive emotion (empathy, gratitude). Imagery of granting forgiveness (versus not) was associated with less heart rate reactivity and better recovery; less negative emotion expression at the brow (corrugator EMG); and less aroused expression at the eye (lower orbicularis oculi EMG when justice was absent). When forgiveness was not imagined, justice-physiology effects emerged: signs of cardiovascular stress (rate pressure products) were lower for retributive versus no justice; and sympathetic nervous system responding (skin conductance) was calmer for restorative versus retributive justice. 相似文献
107.
Iida M Seidman G Shrout PE Fujita K Bolger N 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,94(3):460-478
Whereas supportive interactions are usually studied from the perspective of recipients alone, the authors used a dyadic design to incorporate the perspectives of both provider and recipient. In 2 daily diary studies, the authors modeled provider reports of support provision in intimate dyads over several weeks. The 1st involved couples experiencing daily stressors (n = 79); the 2nd involved couples experiencing a major professional stressor (n = 196). The authors hypothesized that factors relating to (a) recipients (their requests for support, moods, and stressful events), (b) providers (their moods and stressful events), (c) the relationship (relationship emotions and history of support exchanges), and (d) the stressor (daily vs. major stressors) would each predict daily support provision. Across both studies, characteristics of providers, recipients, and their relationship emerged as key predictors. Implications for theoretical models of dyadic support processes are discussed. 相似文献
108.
When a black and a white rectangle drifts across a stationary striped background with constant velocity, the rectangles appear to alternately speed up and slow down. Anstis (2001, Perception 30 785-794; 2004, Vision Research 44 2171-2178) suggested that this 'footsteps' illusion is due to confusion between contrast and velocity signaling in the motion detectors of the human visual system. To test this explanation, three experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, the magnitudes of the footsteps illusion in dynamic and static conditions was compared. If motion detectors play an important role in causing the illusion, it should be reduced in the static condition. Remarkably, however, we found that the illusory misalignment between the black and the white rectangle was even more prominent in the static condition than in the dynamic condition. In experiment 2, we measured the temporal-frequency properties of the footsteps illusion. The results showed that the footsteps illusion was tuned to low temporal frequencies. This suggests that the static illusory misalignment can contribute sufficiently to the dynamic illusory misalignment. In experiment 3, the magnitude of the illusion was measured with the rectangles drifting on a temporally modulated background instead of a spatially modulated background. If contrast affects the apparent velocity of the rectangles, temporal modulation of a uniform background should also cause the footsteps illusion. However, the results showed that the magnitude of the illusion was much reduced in this condition. Taken together, the results indicate that the footsteps illusion can be regarded as a static geometrical illusion induced by the striped background and that motion detectors play a minor role at best. 相似文献
109.
Sakamoto S Moriwaki A Sasaki J Miyata Y Kobori O Bando N Sato K Okumura Y Tanno Y 《Psychological reports》2006,99(2):449-461
What are the benefits of negative thinking and negative affect? Although previous studies in evolutionary psychology, social psychology, and clinical psychology have clarified the question, there has been no definitive study asking people directly about the perceived benefits. In the present study, 119 Japanese undergraduates were asked how they recognized the benefits of negative thinking and negative affect. Their answers were analyzed qualitatively. The answers were arranged into 30 smaller categories and 12 superordinate ones. The benefits were divided into "benefits to the self" and "benefits to interpersonal relations". Finally, the conditions necessary for the negative thinking and negative affect being benign, and possible cultural differences, were discussed. 相似文献
110.
Effects of audience awareness on procedural text writing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1