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61.
Vieno A Perkins DD Smith TM Santinello M 《American journal of community psychology》2005,36(3-4):327-341
This study examines individual- and school-level predictors of sense of community in school among adolescents. Hierarchical
linear modeling was used to examine the relationships between individual (demographics, control and monitoring by parents,
and perception of democratic school climate), class, and school characteristics (mean democratic school climate, demographics,
activities, school size, public/private governance of the school, and facilities) and students' sense of community in the
school. Data were analyzed using a three-level model based on 4,092 10- to 18-year-old students nested within 248 classes
(across three grade levels: 6th, 8th, and 10th grade level, where the median age was 11, 13, and 15, respectively) in 134
schools in the Veneto region of northeast Italy. Individual and contextual measures of the perception of a democratic school
climate, modeled at the individual, class, and school levels simultaneously, were each significant predictor of school sense
of community. More parental monitoring and less parental control were also predictive at the individual level. School-level
SES predicted between school variation in sense of community, controlling for individual student SES and other student and
school-level predictors. School size, facilities (physical spaces resources), level of interaction of the school with the
community, public, or private governance, and number of extracurricular activities offered were all nonsignificant. The study
demonstrates significant variation in school sense of community at the student, class, and school levels and the important
role played by democratic school practices, such as student participation in making rules and organizing events, freedom of
expression, and the perceived fairness of rules and teachers, in determining this variable. 相似文献
62.
One of the most debated questions in visual attention research is what factors affect the deployment of attention in the visual scene? Segmentation processes are influential factors, providing candidate objects for further attentional selection, and the relevant literature has concentrated on how figure–ground segmentation mechanisms influence visual attention. However, another crucial process, namely foreground–background segmentation, seems to have been neglected. By using a change blindness paradigm, we explored whether attention is preferentially allocated to the foreground elements or to the background ones. The results indicated that unless attention was voluntarily deployed to the background, large changes in the color of its elements remained unnoticed. In contrast, minor changes in the foreground elements were promptly reported. Differences in change blindness between the two regions of the display indicate that attention is, by default, biased toward the foreground elements. This also supports the phenomenal observations made by Gestaltists, who demonstrated the greater salience of the foreground than the background. 相似文献
63.
Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini 《Cognition》1994,50(1-3):315-346
The central arguments and counter-arguments presented by several participants during the debate between Piaget and Chomsky at the Royaumont Abbey in October 1975 are here reconstructed in a particularly concise chronological and “logical” sequence. Once the essential points of this important exchange are thus clearly laid out, it is easy to witness that recent developments in generative grammar, as well as new data on language acquisition, especially in the acquisition of pronouns by the congenitally deaf child, corroborate the “language specificity” thesis defended by Chomsky. By the same token these data and these new theoretical refinements refute the Piagetian hypothesis that language is constructed upon abstractions from sensorimotor schemata. Moreover, in the light of modern evolutionary theory, Piaget's basic assumptions on the biological roots of cognition, l language and learning turn out to be unfounded. In hindsight, all this accrues to the validity of Fodor's seemingly “paradoxical” argument against “learning” as a transition from “less” powerful to “more” powerful conceptual systems. 相似文献
64.
65.
The emergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has highlighted the need for the development of risk reduction strategies among drug users. A network of support and self help, whilst fully developed among gay men, has been slow to develop with drug users. Possible reasons for this are examined. Examples of this type of approach in Britain and other countries are reviewed. The positive aspects of encouraging the development of self help groups are discussed. The lesons learned from the first 6 months of a drug users support group are described. 相似文献
66.
Roberto Dell’Acqua Massimo Turatto Pierre Jolicoeur 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2001,63(5):777-789
In order to substantiate recent theorization on the possible links between the causes of the attentional blink and the psychological refractory period phenomena (e.g., Jolicoeur, 1999a), four experiments are reported in which two target stimuli, T1 and T2, were presented in different modalities at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), with each stimulus being associated with a distinct task, Task1 and Task2. In Experiment 1, T1 was a tone, and Task1 was a speeded vocal response based on pitch. T2 was a brief press applied to either of two distal fingerpads, and Task2 was a speeded manual response based on tactile stimulus location. In Experiment 2, the same T1 as that used in Experiment 1 was presented, and in Task1 the subject either made a speeded vocal response based on pitch or ignored T1. T2 was a masked tactile stimulation, and Task2 was an unspeeded manual discrimination of the tactile stimulation location. This Task2 was maintained in Experiments 3 and 4. The auditory T1 was replaced with a white digit embedded in a rapid serial visualization presentation of a stream of black letters, and in Task1 the subject either made an unspeeded decision based on T1 identity or ignored T1. In all the experiments, the results showed an SOA-locked impairment in Task2. As SOA was decreased, reaction times in the speeded Task2 of Experiment 1 increased, and accuracy in the unspeeded Task2 of Experiments 2–4 decreased. The SOA-locked impairment was almost eliminated when T1 could be ignored or was absent. The results are discussed in terms of central processing limitations as the cause of such effects. 相似文献
67.
Lenzi M Vieno A Perkins DD Santinello M Elgar FJ Morgan A Mazzardis S 《American journal of community psychology》2012,50(1-2):197-210
Research on youth civic engagement focuses on individual-level predictors. We examined individual- and school-level characteristics, including family affluence, democratic school social climate and perceived neighborhood social capital, in their relation to civic engagement of 15-year-old students. Data were taken from the 2006 World Health Organization Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey. A sample of 8,077 adolescents in 10th grade from five countries (Belgium, Canada, Italy, Romania, England) were assessed. Multilevel models were analyzed for each country and across the entire sample. Results showed that family affluence, democratic school climate and perceived neighborhood social capital positively related to participation in community organizations. These links were stronger at the aggregate contextual than individual level and varied by country. Canadian youth participated most and Romanian youth least of the five countries. Gender predicted engagement in two countries (girls participate more in Canada, boys in Italy). Findings showed significant contributions of the social environment to adolescents' engagement in their communities. 相似文献
68.
Abstract. We discuss the results of Vicario (2011, Perception 40 23-29), in the light of an experiment designed to bypass some of the limits of that study. There, participants were asked to perform a temporal bisection on numerical stimuli (small or large digits) presented either for 700/900 ms or 2000/2200 ms. For the two longest durations only, bisections of larger digits occurred later than those of smaller digits. Here, subjects judged the temporal position of a flick occurring during the visual presentation of a digit (1, 5, or 9) which lasted on the screen for either 700 ms or 2000 ms. Results revealed no difference in the perceived temporal midpoints of large compared to small digits. In contrast, they showed a response bias: only with the shortest-duration stimuli the digit's magnitude affected the subject's response. 相似文献
69.
Bottini G Berlingeri M Basilico S Passoni S Danelli L Colombo N Sberna M Franceschi M Sterzi R Paulesu E 《Behavioural neurology》2012,25(2):61-72
We explored the neuropsychological and neuromorphometrical differences between probable Alzheimer's disease patients showing a good or a bad response to nine months treatment with donepezil. Before treatment, the neuropsychological profile of the two patient groups was perfectly matched. By the ninth month after treatment, the BAD-responders showed a decline of the MMSE score together with a progressive impairment of executive functions. A voxel-based morphometry investigation (VBM), at the time of the second neuropsychological assessment, showed that the BAD-responders had larger grey and white matter atrophies involving the substantia innominata of Meynert bilaterally, the ventral part of caudate nuclei and the left uncinate fasciculus, brain areas belonging to the cholinergic pathways. A more widespread degeneration of the central cholinergic pathways may explain the lack of donepezil efficacy in those patients not responding to a treatment that operates on the grounds that some degree of endogeneous release of acetylcholine is still available. 相似文献
70.
Francesco Pagnini Christian Lunetta Paolo Banfi Gabriella Rossi Ksenija Gorni Gianluca Castelnuovo Massimo Corbo Enrico Molinari 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2012,31(1):79-87
A large number of studies have investigated a variety of psychological aspects in people with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,
but there is still considerable uncertainty concerning the actual morbidity, in particular for anxiety. We aim to evaluate
depression levels and anxiety disposition in ALS patients and their caregivers, in comparison to healthy controls. We conducted
a cross-sectional comparison between people with ALS, their caregivers and a non-clinical control group in order to evaluate
anxiety and depression levels. 40 ALS patients, their caregivers and 40 healthy adult subjects completed the Beck Depression
Inventory II (BDI-II) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory—Y2 scale (STAI). We compared overall and single item scores in
order to find differences between the three groups. BDI-II scores were significantly different between groups. Depression
scores were higher for patients than for healthy controls, in both somatic and psychological sub-scales. Caregivers presented
higher levels of psychological depression in comparison with healthy controls, and lower scores of somatic depression in comparison
to patients. No differences were found in trait anxiety levels comparing the three groups. ALS patients and their caregivers
developed more depression related symptomatology than the non-clinical sample. However, susceptibility to anxiety for both
patients and caregivers seemed to be at a normal level. 相似文献