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161.
Craig A. Mason Ana Mari Cauce Nancy Gonzales Yumi Hiraga 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(6):723-743
Examined the effect of peer problem behavior, the absence of a father or equivalent in the home, and the mother-adolescent
relationship as predictors of adolescent problem behavior in a sample of 112 African American adolescents. Statistical analyses
compared a moderator model to a mediational model and a cumulative risk model. As predicted, the moderator model was superior
to the alternative models. Specifically, whereas the mediational model predicted that the effect of father absence and the
mother-child relationship upon adolescent problem behavior would be mediated by peer problem behavior, neither effected peer
problem behavior or adolescent problem behavior. Similarly, a cumulative risk index did not predict either child or parent
reports of problem behavior and was not sensitive to specific contingencies that existed between the predictor variables.
In contrast, an interactive, moderator model described the data quite well. This model suggested that father or equivalent
absence magnifies the negative impact of peer problem behavior, while a positive mother-adolescent relationship attenuates
this risk. A strong mother-adolescent relationship also served to protect adolescents in father-absent homes from the risk
of peer problem behavior.
This research was supported by a grant (NICHHD: HD24056) awarded to A. M. Cauce. The authors thank Nydia Ordonez, Tanya Aguilar,
and Laurie Deppman for their assistance on the project, and Cliff Lunneberg for suggestions regarding resampling procedures.
Portions of this paper were presented at the meetings of the Western Psychological Association, April 1992. 相似文献
162.
Dehryl A. Mason Paul J. Frick 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1994,16(4):301-323
In this paper, we describe a quantitative summary of 12 twin (n=3795 twin pairs and 3 adoption studies=338 adoptees) published since 1975 which provided 21 estimates of the heritability of antisocial behavior. Medium to large effect sizes were found for genetic influences across studies, with approximately 50% of the variance in measures of antisocial behavior attributable to genetic effects. Although effect sizes did not vary across different definitions of antisocial behavior (criminality, aggression, or antisocial personality), significantly larger estimates of genetic effect were found for severe manifestations of antisocial behavior. The importance of severity was further underscored by the significantly larger effects obtained in studies using clinic-referred samples compared to the effects obtained in studies using volunteer samples. Demographic characteristics of the samples did not influence effect sizes, although studies using more stringent methodology tended to find larger effects. These results must be interpreted in light of the small literature that was suitable for the meta-analysis due to numerous methodological limitations in existing studies. 相似文献
163.
This study investigated the effects of biased psychological reports on teachers' behavioral and expectations ratings of a kindergarten child seen in a videotape. Biases were produced by randomly distributing to one third of the subjects a fictitious favorable psychological report, while one third read a fictitious unfavorable version. The remaining third read a short fable and acted as a control group. Subjects rated the test performance of the child in the videotape and then attributed their expectations for his possessing certain cognitive and effective traits. A significant difference was noted in ratings of expected characteristics, but not in performance ratings, suggesting that the biased psychological report influenced one type of rating but not the other. Furthermore, the two dependent variables were not significantly correlated. 相似文献
164.
Presentation of a bright bead to day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus: Ross 1 Chunky Chicks) elicits spontaneous pecking. If the bead is coated with an aversive substance (e.g., methylanthranilate), they will avoid similar beads subsequently; if it is coated with water, they peck avidly on re-presentation. Formation of a memory for this one-trial passive avoidance task is unaffected by subconvulsive transcranial electroshock when applied 10 min after training in 60% of birds, whereas "immediate" post-training electroshock renders 63% of chicks amnesic. Memory formation and retention is associated with a large bilateral enhancement in trained over control chicks (320 and 350% in left and right hemispheres, respectively; p less than 0.001) of a particular spontaneous multi-unit activity firing pattern, that is, short-duration (15-40 ms) bursts of large-amplitude (greater than or equal to 200 microV, 450 microV max p-p), high-frequency (400-450 Hz) spiking in anesthetized chicks. This effect is observed in data lumped from 1-13 h after training and is restricted to the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale. When chicks are rendered amnesic by electroshock immediately following training, there is a complete abolition of this increase in burst firing; in those chicks where this treatment fails to elicit amnesia, the increase in bursting is still observed. In birds in which the shock is delayed and memory formation occurs, the increase in bursting activity is maintained; however, if the delayed shock produces apparent amnesia, then the increase is once again abolished. The electroshock had no effect on bursting per se in untrained chicks. There was no significant difference in tonic spiking between the chicks. A marked increase in the occurrence of bursting epochs in the IMHV of anesthetized chicks following passive avoidance training is therefore closely associated with memory formation, but not with the nonspecific concomitants of the training procedure. 相似文献
165.
The associations among n Power, n Affiliation, inhibition, stressful life events, and infliction and receipt of psychological and physical abuse in intimate relationships were investigated in a sample of 48 male and 107 female college undergraduates. Results indicated that life events that were perceived as being negative were associated with both the infliction and the receipt of abuse for women but not for men. Individual personality characteristics determined the tactics used in resolving intimate interpersonal conflicts. High n Power was significantly associated with the infliction of physical abuse on their partners by men, but not by women. For women, n Affiliation and activity inhibition moderated the effect that stress has on the infliction of abuse. Highly stressed women with high n Affiliation and low activity inhibition were the most likely to inflict abuse. Length and status of relationship were also found to be related to abuse, with abuse occurring most often between more committed couples. Sex differences were found for the relation between infliction and receipt of abuse. That is, receipt of abuse was highly correlated with infliction of abuse for women but not for men, suggesting that when women strike out they are struck in return. 相似文献
166.
167.
Mildred Mason 《Memory & cognition》1978,6(5):568-581
Four experiments using college students as subjects provide evidence that both highly skilled and less skilled mature readers derive the names of printed words from visual access of the lexicon rather than by phonological recoding. Regularity of pronunciation (regular vs. exception words) as a variable of orthographic regularity effectiveafter visual code formation had no effect either between or within reading ability groups. Less skilled readers made more errors and were slower than highly skilled readers on both types of words. Sing-letter spatial redundancy, as a variable of orthographic regularity that influences the formation of visual codes, served to differentiate the two groups only in naming nonwords. Highly skilled readers used spatial redundancy to offset the effect of array length, whereas less skilled readers did not. Except for high-frequency words, visual access and retrieval of the pronunciation of words was significantly faster for highly skilled readers. Less skilled readers were most disadvantaged in naming nonwords, a task that requires phonological recoding. Overall results support the hypothesis that reading ability in mature readers is related to the speed of word recognition. Highly skilled readers may make more use of variables of orthographic regularity effective in the formation of visual codes. 相似文献
168.
Mason D 《The journal of pastoral care & counseling : JPCC》2006,60(3):295-298
169.
Robert Mason Fred D. Holt George Newsome 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1969,47(7):689-692
Since it appears that a wide divergence of opinion has existed between ministers and counselors in regard to such issues as a basic doctrine of man and the concept of permissiveness in interpersonal relationships, an attempt was made to compare seminary students and counselor trainees on their perceptions of human nature and tendencies toward authoritarianism. 相似文献
170.
Liao Ming-Ray Dillard Mason H. Hour Jason L. Barnett Lilia A. Whitten Jerry S. Valles Amariani C. Heatley J. Jill Anderson Brian A. Yorzinski Jessica L. 《Animal cognition》2023,26(5):1685-1695
Animal Cognition - Attention can be biased towards previously reward-associated stimuli even when they are task-irrelevant and physically non-salient, although studies of reward-modulated attention... 相似文献