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141.
Behavioral endocrinology research suggests that testosterone may play a role in moral decision making. Studies involving human and nonhuman animals indicate that high basal testosterone is associated with decreased aversion to risk and an increased threshold for conflict, fear, stress, and threat. We tested the role of testosterone in moral decision making. We predicted and found that individuals high in testosterone are more likely to make utilitarian decisions—specifically when doing so involves acts of aggression and social cost. 相似文献
142.
This article outlines current safe harbors in the law for healthcare practitioners who work in a disaster setting. It reviews available legal protection in crisis situations with respect to the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), criminal liability, and licensure. 相似文献
143.
144.
David?L.?EversEmail author Carol?B.?Fowler Jeffrey?T.?Mason Rebecca?K.?Mimnall 《Science and engineering ethics》2015,21(4):1049-1064
Here we identify approximately 40,000 healthy human volunteers who were intentionally exposed to infectious pathogens in clinical research studies dating from late World War II to the early 2000s. Microbial challenge experiments continue today under contemporary human subject research requirements. In fact, we estimated 4,000 additional volunteers who were experimentally infected between 2010 and the present day. We examine the risks and benefits of these experiments and present areas for improvement in protections of participants with respect to safety. These are the absence of maximum limits to risk and the potential for institutional review boards to include questionable benefits to subjects and society when weighing the risks and benefits of research protocols. The lack of a duty of medical care by physician–investigators to research subjects is likewise of concern. The transparency of microbial challenge experiments and the safety concerns raised in this work may stimulate further dialogue on the risks to participants of human experimentation. 相似文献
145.
A new preliminary model of emotional disorders, derived from basic tenets of emotion theory and new developments in cognitive science, is presented. It is suggested that tightly organized basic emotions stored in memory fire inappropriately on occasion. In individuals who are vulnerable both biologically and psychologically, these emotions may become the focus of anxiety or dysthymia in that the emotions themselves are experienced as uncontrollable and threatening with adequate coping being difficult or impossible. Early experiences with lack of control over one's environment as well as biological vulnerabilities may well determine whether or not one becomes anxious/dysthymic over the experience of basic emotions in an inappropriate context. This model is illustrated in the context of panic disorder and then extended to depression (sadness/distress), stress (anger), and mania (excitement). 相似文献
146.
Mason N. Crook 《The Journal of psychology》2013,147(2):541-558
147.
Bertha S. Mason 《Psychological Perspectives》2013,56(2):115-121
“Hickory, dickory, dock, The mouse ran up the clock. The clock struck one. The mouse ran down. Hickory, dickory, dock. 相似文献
148.
Charles B Fleming W Alex Mason James J Mazza Robert D Abbott Richard F Catalano 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2008,22(2):186-197
To explicate the nature of the relationship between depressive symptoms and substance use, the authors conducted research that incorporated both individual and group approaches and utilized longitudinal data across development. Multiple-group latent growth curve models were used to assess specific dimensions (cross-sectional and longitudinal correlation, within-individual change, and movement off developmental trajectories) of the relationship between depressive symptoms and substance use during adolescence and how this relationship differs by gender. Annual survey data from 8th through 11th grade were provided by 441 girls and 510 boys in the Raising Healthy Children project (E. C. Brown, R. F. Catalano, C. B. Fleming, K. P. Haggerty, & R. D. Abbott, 2005). Levels of depressive symptoms and substance use in early adolescence were positively associated for alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use for girls, but only for marijuana use for boys. Individual changes in depressive symptoms and substance use across adolescence were positively associated for each type of substance use. Evidence was also found for positive association between episodic expressions of depressive symptoms and alcohol use that fell outside developmental trajectories. Predictive relationships across constructs were not found, with the exception of higher level of depressive symptoms in early adolescence predicting less increase in alcohol use. 相似文献
149.
Mason WA 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(4):389-396
Social development from a psychobiological perspective is part of evolutionary biology. From a functional standpoint two major
interrelated themes can be discerned in the evolution of behavior: Wanting (referring collectively to the vital needs of an organism) and Knowing (referring collectively to the organism’s knowledge or skill for meeting its vital needs). The social development of the
immature primate involves the integration of these themes in two distinct but overlapping phases. In the initially most salient
phase, the manifestations of wanting and knowing are focused on constructing an effective relationship with the mother (mother-directed).
One of the most important achievements during this phase is the formation of an emotional attachment (probably based on a
psychoneuroendocrine core) to a specific object in which elements of both wanting and knowing are intimately involved. The
second phase becomes increasingly prominent as development proceeds. The salient manifestations of this phase are focused
on relations with the world beyond the mother (other-directed), and involve a new integration of the motivational and emotional
components of wanting and knowing, characterized by attraction to novelty, exploration, social interaction and acquisition
of knowledge and skills in the contexts of foods, predators and other members of the species.
相似文献
William A. MasonEmail: |
150.
Andrew Mason 《The Philosophical quarterly》2004,54(216):368-388
It is often supposed that the point of equality of opportunity is to create a level playing-field. This is understood in different ways, however. A common proposal is what I call the neutralization view: that people's social circumstances should not differentially affect their life chances in any serious way. I raise problems with this view, before developing an alternative conception of equal opportunity which allows some variations in social circumstances to create differences in life prospects. The meritocratic conception which I defend is grounded in the idea of respect for persons, and provides a less demanding interpretation of fair access to qualifications; it nevertheless places constraints on the behaviour of parents, and has implications for educational provision in schools. 相似文献