认知诊断模型资料拟合检验方法和统计量

认知诊断模型界定了测验题目和所考察属性之间的关系, 通过被试的作答反应获取被试对属性或知识技能的掌握情况。认知诊断模型资料拟合检验可以从项目拟合、模型绝对拟合、模型相对拟合和个人拟合方等方面进行。通过对认知诊断拟合检验方法和统计量的详细介绍和评价, 可为认知诊断实践提供借鉴和参考。未来研究可在更丰富的研究条件下对各统计量的性能进行评价和对比, 完善已有的拟合检验方法, 提出新的拟合统计量。     

The Cognitive Architecture of Perceived Animacy: Intention,Attention, and Memory

Human vision supports social perception by efficiently detecting agents and extracting rich information about their actions, goals, and intentions. Here, we explore the cognitive architecture of perceived animacy by constructing Bayesian models that integrate domain‐specific hypotheses of social agency with domain‐general cognitive constraints on sensory, memory, and attentional processing. Our model posits that perceived animacy combines a bottom–up, feature‐based, parallel search for goal‐directed movements with a top–down selection process for intent inference. The interaction of these architecturally distinct processes makes perceived animacy fast, flexible, and yet cognitively efficient. In the context of chasing, in which a predator (the “wolf”) pursues a prey (the “sheep”), our model addresses the computational challenge of identifying target agents among varying numbers of distractor objects, despite a quadratic increase in the number of possible interactions as more objects appear in a scene. By comparing modeling results with human psychophysics in several studies, we show that the effectiveness and efficiency of human perceived animacy can be explained by a Bayesian ideal observer model with realistic cognitive constraints. These results provide an understanding of perceived animacy at the algorithmic level—how it is achieved by cognitive mechanisms such as attention and working memory, and how it can be integrated with higher‐level reasoning about social agency.     

结果的接近性对正性结果评价影响的电生理证据

结果的接近性是指对已发生事件的实际结果与在心理上的理想结果或期待结果之间差距的接近程度。实验采用事件相关电位技术和类老虎机赌博任务探讨了结果的接近性对正性结果评价的影响。(1)行为评定结果表明, 结果的接近性不同水平诱发了不同的情绪体验, “差一点输”的赢钱使被试更多感到庆幸, “最理想”的赢钱使被试感到高兴; 结果的接近性也影响了随后trial的反应时, 与“一般”的赢钱和“最理想”的赢钱相比, “差一点输的”赢钱后的下一个trial中被试的反应时明显变长。(2)脑电结果表明, 结果的接近性不同水平诱发了不同的FRN和P300, 与“一般”的赢钱和“最理想”的赢钱相比, “差一点输”的赢钱诱发了波幅更大的FRN和波幅更大潜伏期更长的P300。这说明结果的接近性明显地影响了正性结果的认知评价加工。     

召唤封建亡灵——反科学思潮出现在中国的一大特色

二十多年来,中国经济建设取得的成就,前所未有,举世瞩目,无可争议。但出现的问题之多,社会矛盾加剧,也是前所未有。借此,有人将这些问题的产生,归咎于改革,还有人追源溯始,怪罪到“五四”新文化运动请来德先生和赛先生。或称在中国实行民主,是“祸国殃民的选择”;或将陈独秀提出“国人欲脱蒙昧时代,羞为浅化之民也,则急起直追,当以科学与人权并重”,视为“用极端丑化中国文化、浮夸西方科学之伟大的手段,误导社会”。他们赞帝王独裁之体制为德政之所出,奉愚昧落后之文化糟粕为不可触动之传统,是古非今,自觉不自觉地在为封建亡灵招魂。一、皇…     

Riskier for me or for others? The role of domain and probability in self-other differences,in risky decision-making

Abstract

In social and economic interactions, people often decide differently for others, as against for themselves, under situations involving risks. This sometimes leads to conflicts or contradictions. Although previous studies have explored such contradictions, the findings have been inconsistent. To reconcile these inconsistencies, this paper investigates the role played by the different domains and probabilities in the self-other differences under risk. Two groups of participants completed a gambling task combining different domains (gain vs. loss) and probabilities (small vs. large). One group made decisions for others and the other group made decisions for themselves. The results revealed a four pattern of discrepancy: the ones who made decisions for others were less risk-seeking than those who made decisions for themselves over the small probability gains. This was reversed over the large probability gains. Conversely, the participants who made decisions for others were more risk-seeking than those who made decisions for themselves over the small probability losses. The results were reversed over the large probability losses. These results reconcile the contradictory findings of the previous studies and suggest the significant role played by contextual factors in such discrepancies.     

积极怀旧情绪对疼痛共情影响的ERP研究

采用ERP技术比较积极怀旧情绪诱发组被试和中性情绪组被试在判断疼痛/非疼痛图片刺激时的疼痛共情反应,探讨积极怀旧情绪对个体疼痛共情加工的影响及其电生理学机制。结果发现,在P2成分和晚期的P3成分上,积极怀旧情绪下的疼痛图片比中性情绪下的疼痛图片诱发了更大的波幅。疼痛图片比非疼痛图片诱发更大的P2、N2、P3及400～600 ms正成分的波幅。结果表明积极怀旧情绪的诱发促进个体对疼痛刺激的加工和共情。     

任务指向型干预手段对教师教学监控能力的影响

本研究采用任务指向型干预手段,对１０名小学教师教学监控能力进行训练。结果发现：训练不仅提高了教师教学监控能力,而且提高了教师对教学的认知水平,改善了教师 教学行为。     

平滑滚动引导式和快速系列视觉呈现式中文文本阅读工效研究

本研究在机控速度条件下,考察了显示窗口大小(10字和20字)、显示速度(300字／分和600字／分)和文本显示方式(平滑滚动的引导式和快速系列视觉呈现)等因素对VDT中文文本阅读工效的影响。实验结果发现：(1)300字／分的显示速度有利于阅读理解;(2)在本实验条件下,平滑滚动引导式的可读性优于快速系列视觉呈现式。最后,作者结合有关中文眼动研究理论,对上述结果的成因进行了简要探讨。