In our society, people are often exposed to conflicting information about a scientific issue. However, our knowledge about the effects of exposure to conflicting scientific information is still highly limited. By combining paradigms of research on belief polarization and science communication, two experiments examined whether and how exposure to conflicting scientific arguments influences scientific belief change and behavioral intentions. Participants (Experiment 1, N = 102; Experiment 2, N = 115) received two conflicting arguments (favorable and unfavorable to the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the prevention and treatment of the common cold) or two nonconflicting arguments (unfavorable to and neutral on the vitamin C supplementation effects). Exposure to conflicting arguments changed participants' beliefs about the preventing and treating effects of vitamin C supplementation less than exposure to nonconflicting arguments but did not cause actual belief polarization. Compared with participants who received nonconflicting arguments, those who received conflicting arguments perceived the quality of unfavorable argument to be low and experts' opinions about the issues to be divided, resulting in modest belief change. Exposure to conflicting arguments also promoted the formation of moderate behavioral intentions to take a regular high dose of vitamin C as a result of the belief change. 相似文献
We integrate social learning theory into Grasmick’s extended model of deterrence to propose that rational actors, in their decision of workplace deviance, consider not only possible costs of noncompliance but possible rewards of compliance. A review of the literature on cultural differences between Japan and the United States leads to the hypotheses that although perceived costs of noncompliance and rewards of compliance operate as deterrents across the two cultures, the deterrent effects of the costs and rewards are stronger and weaker, respectively, in Japan than the U.S. Analysis of survey data from hospital employees provides mixed support for our arguments. 相似文献
The Psychological Record - Two groups of rats were trained to press the lever in a serial feature-ambiguous (FA) task. A feature stimulus (X) signaled reinforcement during one target stimulus that... 相似文献
Objective: Many patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators experience depressive symptoms. In addition, avoidance behavior is a common problem among patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. We examined the association between avoidance behaviors and depressive symptoms in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Method: We conducted a single-center, cross-sectional study with self-completed questionnaires between May 2010 and March 2011. We measured avoidance behaviors (avoidance of places, avoidance of objects, and avoidance of situations) and depressive symptoms (using the Beck Depression Inventory, Version II) in 119 participants. An avoidance behaviors instrument was developed for this study and we confirmed its internal consistency reliability. Results: Ninety-two (77.3%) patients were aged older than 50 years, and 86 (72.3%) were men. Fifty-one (42.9%) patients reported “avoidance of places”, 34 (28.6%) reported “avoidance of objects”, and 63 (52.9%) reported “avoidance of activity”. Avoidance behavior was associated with increased odds for the presence of depressive symptoms (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.06–1.62). Conclusions: This was the first study to identify the relationship between avoidance behavior and depressive symptoms among patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators; however, there are a few methodological limitations. 相似文献
Social behavioral disorders and impaired self-awareness, which are sequelae of brain injuries, have negative effects on interpersonal relationships and employment. In this study, we performed a long-term client-centered approach to help the patient diagnosed with a social behavior disorder and impaired self-awareness return to work. Cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive-behavioral treatment, and positive behavioral support were provided while assessing the self-awareness using the Japanese version of the Self-Regulation Skills Interview. This patient exemplifies the importance of establishing methods for self-monitoring and rebuilding a positive self-identity while considering the complexities of self-awareness when helping patients with impaired self-awareness. The patient took the initiative in managing problematic behaviors due to social behavior disorder, and as a result, was able to achieve stable self-awareness. The strategies described in this patient can be used in the future to treat patients with social behavior disorder due to inadequate self-awareness. In order to practice a client-centered approach while assessing the patient's level of self-awareness, it is important to build a trusting relationship over a long period. To assess the level of self-awareness, existing interviews, questionnaires, and work to express one's mental and physical state as seen by the patient may be effective.
Using appropriate stimuli to evoke emotions is especially important for researching emotion. Psychologists have provided several standardized affective stimulus databases—such as the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) and the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS) as visual stimulus databases, as well as the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS) and the Montreal Affective Voices as auditory stimulus databases for emotional experiments. However, considering the limitations of the existing auditory stimulus database studies, research using auditory stimuli is relatively limited compared with the studies using visual stimuli. First, the number of sample sounds is limited, making it difficult to equate across emotional conditions and semantic categories. Second, some artificially created materials (music or human voice) may fail to accurately drive the intended emotional processes. Our principal aim was to expand existing auditory affective sample database to sufficiently cover natural sounds. We asked 207 participants to rate 935 sounds (including the sounds from the IADS-2) using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) and three basic-emotion rating scales. The results showed that emotions in sounds can be distinguished on the affective rating scales, and the stability of the evaluations of sounds revealed that we have successfully provided a larger corpus of natural, emotionally evocative auditory stimuli, covering a wide range of semantic categories. Our expanded, standardized sound sample database may promote a wide range of research in auditory systems and the possible interactions with other sensory modalities, encouraging direct reliable comparisons of outcomes from different researchers in the field of psychology. 相似文献
In this study, we investigated how area-level income inequality is associated with an individual’s assessment of happiness,
based on micro-level data sourced from nationwide surveys in Japan. It was confirmed from our analysis using logit models
that individuals who live in areas of high income inequality tend to report themselves as being less happy, even after controlling
for various individual and area-level factors. The association between inequality and happiness is modestly significant, regardless
of the choice of covariates at an individual level, and stronger at a lower level of perceived happiness. Moreover, sensitivity
to inequality differs substantially according to certain individual attributes. Among others, an important implication for
social policy is that those with unstable occupational status are more sensitive to inequality. Given that these people tend
to be less happy than others, this result indicates the risk that area-level inequality further reduces the well-being of
those with unfavorable employment conditions. 相似文献
Many studies that have investigated performance under reinforcement schedules have measured response rate or interresponse time, which reflect the temporal dimension of responding; however, relatively few studies have examined other dimensions. The present study investigated the effects of fixed‐interval schedules on the location of pigeons' pecking response. A circular response area 22.4 cm in diameter was used so that the pecking responses were effective over a wide range. Pigeons were exposed to a fixed‐interval schedule whose requirement was systematically varied between conditions. Response location moved closer to the location of the last reinforced response as time elapsed in each trial. Additionally, as the fixed‐interval duration requirement increased, response locations shifted to the border of the response area and the variability of response locations increased. These results suggest that fixed‐interval schedules systematically control response location. 相似文献