INTERPERSONAL ATTITUDES AMONG AMERICAN,INDIAN AND JAPANESE STUDENTS1

Attitudes interpersonnelles parmi les étudiants américains, indiens et japonais. — Le différentiateur sémantique et le différenciateur de comportement ont été administrés à des étudiants, 98 américains (Illinois), 112 japonais (Tokyo) et 99 indiens (Mysore). Les concepts-stimuli étaient composites : il s'agissait d'individus diversifiés selon toutes les combinaisons possibles de profession (médecin ou menuisier), de religion (identique ou différente de celle du sujet), de sexe (homme ou femme), et d'âge (jeune, d'âge mûr, vieux). Les éhelles du différentiateur sémantique ont été empruntées à une étude d'Osgood et al. Les échelles du différentiateur de comportement ont été traduites à partir des échelles de comportement qui avaient les saturations les plus élevées dans l'analyse factorielle des composantes comportementales des attitudes, faites par Triandis (1964 b). Indépendamment des jugements formulés sur les stimuli composites, les sujets devaient juger les éléments constituants des stimuli composites. Le principe de congruité d'Osgood et la théorie de la sommation de Fishbein ainsi qu'un certain nombre d'autres principes, ont été utilisés pour découvrir si l'on peut prédire les jugements d'un sujet à l'égard des stimuli composites à partir de ses jugements à l'égard des stimuli simples. Le but de cette étude était d'établir la généralité des résultats américains concernant certains aspects de la perception interpersonnelle. Les résultats montrent que les résultats antérieurs peuvent être grossièrement généralisés, bien que, dans le détail, les résultats ne se recoupent pas d'une culture à l'autre. Ainsi par exemple, bien que les mêmes structures factorielles se retrouvent dans tous les échantillons qu'il s'agisse du différentiateur sémantique ou du différentiateur de comportement, l'analyse détaillée des échelles qui ont des saturations élevées dans les différents facteurs suggére l'existence d'une spécificité culturelle. La théorie de la sommation s'avère supérieure à la théorie de la congruité, pour prédire les jugements des sujets relativement aux stimuli composites à partir des jugements sur les stimuli simples.     

Effects of acute simulated microgravity on nocturnal sleep, daytime vigilance, and psychomotor performance: comparison of horizontal and 6 degrees head-down bed rest

This study examined the effect of acute simulated microgravity on nocturnal sleep, daytime vigilance, and psychomotor performance. Each of 7 volunteers were maintained for 3 days of head-down and horizontal bed rest in a counter-balanced design. Assessment measures were polysomnographic recordings on the first night and performance on psychophysiological tasks on the second day involving subjective and objective vigilance, P300, simple reaction time tasks, and dual performance tasks. No clear difference in sleep structure was observed between the head-down and horizontal conditions, except for a slight decrease in Stage 4 for head-down. Both subjective and objective daytime vigilance, P300, and the simple RT task showed no statistical difference, although tracking performance on the dual task showed deterioration at 10:00 for the head-down condition. These results suggest that nocturnal sleep, daytime vigilance, and psychophysiological functions were not disturbed in head-down sleep conditions, although there was a mild deterioration of higher attentional function in the morning.     

Prognostic validity of the Rorschach

Fifty adult stutterers entering therapy at the UCLA Psychology Clinic were administered the Rorschach, with a Klopfer method inquiry, scoring, form level rating, and calculation of scores on the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale (RPRS). On the basis of independent clinician ratings of attitudinal or psychotherapeutic improvement, subjects were divided into groups of Improved Most (n = 21) and Improved Least (n = 29). Subjects were also divided into Continued (n = 43) and Dropped (n = 7). Logistic regression was employed to compare groups on the following Rorschach dimensions: Prognostic Score (RPRS); Human Movement; Animal Movement; Inanimate Movement; Shading; Color; Form Level. The Improved Most group was significantly higher in M, FM, Shading, and Productivity. The finding that M and FM discriminates between improvement groups corroborates results obtained in a previous study (Sheehan et al., 1954). The Rorschach movement variables, particularly M and FM, seem to be stable indicators of capacity for improvement in psychotherapy.     

Correlates of retrospective early life experience with personality in young Japanese women

To examine the influence of early experiences on the development of personality. We used the Temperament and Character Inventory to assess 98 young women who had first entered a company. Different early experiences were linked, albeit weakly, to test scores. Both partial correlations and multiple regression analyses indicated that Self-directedness was higher if women reported more care of parents. Partial correlation, but not multiple regression analyses, showed that Cooperativeness was greater if women reported more care of parents and less frequent abuse. Reports of early parental loss or negative or positive early life events showed no correlation with scores on any of the Temperament and Character Inventory subscales.     

An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces

Studies have shown that individuals are better able to recognise the faces of people from their own race than the faces of people from other races. Although the so-called own-race effect has been generally regarded as an advantage in recognition memory, differences in the processing of the own-race versus other-race faces might also be found at the earlier stages of perceptual encoding. In this study, the perceptual basis of the own-race effect was investigated by generating a continuum of images by morphing an East Asian parent face with a Caucasian parent face. In a same/different discrimination task, East Asian and Caucasian participants judged whether the morph faces were physically identical to, or different from, their parent faces. The results revealed a significant race-of-participant by race-of-face interaction such that East Asian participants were better able to discriminate East Asian faces, whereas Caucasian participants were better able to discriminate Caucasian faces. These results indicate that an own-race advantage occurs at the encoding stage of face processing.     

A second Leonardo da Vinci?

We describe a young woman who suddenly began mirror writing with her right hand and has not reverted to normal writing for more than 6 years, although she writes normally with her left hand. She is ambidextrous, although she had previously used only her right hand for writing and drawing. Since it is much easier for her to use right-handed mirror writing, she uses her left hand only for writing meant to be read by others and her right hand for all other writing. Her hobbies are sculpture and painting, and her chief complaint is migraine accompanied by sensory and perceptive disturbances.     

The body-inversion effect

Researchers argue that faces are recognized via the configuration of their parts. An important behavioral finding supporting this claim is the face-inversion effect, in which inversion impairs recognition of faces more than nonface objects. Until recently, faces were the only class of objects producing the inversion effect for untrained individuals. This study investigated whether the inversion effect extends to human body positions, a class of objects whose exemplars are structurally similar to each other. Three experiments compared the recognition of upright and inverted faces, houses, and body positions using a forced-choice, same/different paradigm. For both reaction time and error data, the recognition of possible human body postures was more affected by inversion than the recognition of houses. Further, the recognition of possible human body postures and recognition of faces showed similar effects of inversion. The inversion effect was diminished for impossible body positions that violated the biomechanical constraints of human bodies. These data suggest that human body positions, like faces, may be processed configurally by untrained viewers.