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51.
We examined whether a somatosensory cue suggesting forward self-motion facilitated vection. We provided a consistent air flow to subjects' faces by using an electric fan.Vection strength was increased when the air flow was provided. 相似文献
52.
The stream/bounce display represents an ambiguous motion event in which two identical visual objects move toward one another and the objects overlap completely before they pass each another. In our perception, they can be interpreted as either streaming past one another or bouncing off each other. Previous studies have shown that the streaming percept of the display is generic for humans, suggesting the inertial nature of the motion integration process. In this study, chimpanzees took part in behavioral experiments using an object-tracking task to reveal the characteristics of their stream/bounce perception. Chimpanzees did not show a tendency toward a dominant "stream" perception of the stream/bounce stimulus. However, depth cues, such as X-junctions and local motion coherence, did promote the stream percept in chimpanzees. These results suggest both similarities and differences between chimpanzees and humans with respect to motion integration and object individuation processes. 相似文献
53.
The aim of this study was to identify and explain the optimum projection angle that maximises the distance achieved in a standing long jump. Five physically active males performed maximum-effort jumps over a wide range of take-off angles, and the jumps were recorded and analysed using a 2-D video analysis procedure. The total jump distance achieved was considered as the sum of three component distances (take-off, flight, and landing), and the dependence of each component distance on the take-off angle was systematically investigated. The flight distance was strongly affected by a decrease in the jumper's take-off speed with increasing take-off angle, and the take-off distance and landing distance steadily decreased with increasing take-off angle due to changes in the jumper's body configuration. The optimum take-off angle for the jumper was the angle at which the three component distances combined to produce the greatest jump distance. Although the calculated optimum take-off angles (19-27 degrees) were lower than the jumpers' preferred take-off angles (31-39 degrees), the loss in jump distance through using a sub-optimum take-off angle was relatively small. 相似文献
54.
The ability of non-human primates to follow the gaze of other individuals has recently received much attention in comparative
cognition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the emergence of this ability in a chimpanzee infant. The infant
was trained to look at one of two objects, which an experimenter indicated by one of four different cue conditions: (1) tapping
on the target object with a finger; (2) pointing to the target object with a finger; (3) gazing at the target object with
head orientation; or (4) glancing at the target object without head orientation. The subject was given food rewards independently
of its responses under the first three conditions, so that its responses to the objects were not influenced by the rewards.
The glancing condition was tested occasionally, without any reinforcement. By the age of 13 months, the subject showed reliable
following responses to the object that was indicated by the various cues, including glancing alone. Furthermore, additional
tests clearly showed that the subject's performance was controlled by the "social" properties of the experimenter-given cues
but not by the non-social, local-enhancing peripheral properties.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
55.
Animal Cognition - How do bottlenose dolphins visually perceive the space around them? In particular, what cues do they use as a frame of reference for left–right perception? To address this... 相似文献
56.
Masatoshi Mitsuhara Shigeto Yamasaki Masaki Miake Hideharu Nakashima Minoru Nishida Junichi Kusumoto 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2016,96(2):76-83
The interactions between dislocations and lath boundaries in Grade 91 steel were observed by an in situ transmission electron microscopy tensile test at 973 K. Dislocations glided slowly and bowed out in a martensite lath interior. The ends of the dislocation were connected to the lath boundaries. In a tempered specimen, the pinning stress caused by the lath boundary was estimated to be >70 MPa with a lath width of 0.4 μm. In crept specimens, lath coarsening reduced the pinning effect. 相似文献
57.
Akira?HasegawaEmail author Haruki?Nishimura Yuko?Mastuda Yoshihiko?Kunisato Hiroshi?Morimoto Masaki?Adachi 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2016,34(1):14-30
This study examined the relationship between trait rumination and the effectiveness of problem solving strategies as assessed by the Means-Ends Problem-Solving Test (MEPS) in a nonclinical population. The present study extended previous studies in terms of using two instructions in the MEPS: the second-person, actual strategy instructions, which has been utilized in previous studies on rumination, and the third-person, ideal-strategy instructions, which is considered more suitable for assessing the effectiveness of problem solving strategies. We also replicated the association between rumination and each dimension of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised Short Version (SPSI-R:S). Japanese undergraduate students (N = 223) completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), MEPS, and SPSI-R:S. One half of the sample completed the MEPS with the second-person, actual strategy instructions. The other participants completed the MEPS with the third-person, ideal-strategy instructions. The results showed that neither total RRS score, nor its subscale scores were significantly correlated with MEPS scores under either of the two instructions. These findings taken together with previous findings indicate that in nonclinical populations, trait rumination is not related to the effectiveness of problem solving strategies, but that state rumination while responding to the MEPS deteriorates the quality of strategies. The correlations between RRS and SPSI-R:S scores indicated that trait rumination in general, and its brooding subcomponent in particular are parts of cognitive and behavioral responses that attempt to avoid negative environmental and negative private events. Results also showed that reflection is a part of active problem solving. 相似文献
58.
Rikako Tonooka Masaki Tomonaga & Tetsuro Matsuzawa 《The Japanese psychological research》1997,39(3):253-265
The present study examined the acquisition and transmission of tool making and use in a group of chimpanzees. We set up a piece of apparatus that provided orange juice in an outdoor compound for a group of nine chimpanzees. Although they could reach the juice with their hands, eight of the nine subjects used tools. Fifteen kinds of tools in total were used, such as straw, twigs, and some kinds of leaves. The chimpanzees showed high selectivity with regard to tool type. They preferred to use Thuja occidentalis as a tool although there were 28 species of tree and several kinds of grass available in the compound. Two females initiated the use of the Thuja tool. Since then, five other individuals have begun to use it selectively. Before making the tools by themselves, these five chimpanzees first watched others using the Thuja tool for drinking juice, and then used the Thuja tool which had been used and left by another chimpanzee. 相似文献
59.
Need for Cognition Promotes Adaptive Style of Self‐Focusing with the Mediation of Effortful Control
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Previous studies have indicated that “need for cognition” (NfC), which is the tendency to enjoy effortful cognitive activity, affects various cognitive processes and behaviors. However, the effects of NfC on mental adaptation have not been investigated. According to previous studies, it can be hypothesized that NfC decreases maladaptive self‐focusing, which is called self‐rumination, through increasing effortful control (EC); therefore, we hypothesized that NfC would indirectly inhibit self‐rumination through the mediation of EC. As we expected, the results of a cross‐sectional questionnaire study with 152 undergraduate participants indicated a negative indirect association between NfC and self‐rumination through the mediation of EC. Secondarily, the present results revealed a direct positive association between NfC and adaptive type of self‐focusing, which is called self‐reflection. The present study is the first to propose the possible contribution of NfC to mental health through decreasing self‐rumination and increasing self‐reflection. 相似文献
60.
Tasuku Igarashi Yoshihisa Kashima Emiko S. Kashima Tomas Farsides Uichol Kim Fritz Strack Lioba Werth Masaki Yuki 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2008,11(1):88-101
Although the role of trust in group processes has been well established, less is known about the role of trust in social network processes. Trust, conceptualized to have generalized and particularistic aspects, was measured by generalized trust (people can be trusted in general) and relationism (people can be trusted if one has relationships), and their relations with social network characteristics of network homogeneity (extent to which one has a number of friends with similar attitudes) and network closure (extent to which one's social network is closed) were examined in three Western (Australia, Germany, and the United Kingdom) and two East Asian countries (Japan and Korea). Although generalized trust was shown to be positively related to network closure across the five countries, generalized trust and relationism had different relations with network homogeneity in different cultures. The results were interpreted in terms of social institutional and cultural differences. 相似文献