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61.
Akira?HasegawaEmail author Haruki?Nishimura Yuko?Mastuda Yoshihiko?Kunisato Hiroshi?Morimoto Masaki?Adachi 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2016,34(1):14-30
This study examined the relationship between trait rumination and the effectiveness of problem solving strategies as assessed by the Means-Ends Problem-Solving Test (MEPS) in a nonclinical population. The present study extended previous studies in terms of using two instructions in the MEPS: the second-person, actual strategy instructions, which has been utilized in previous studies on rumination, and the third-person, ideal-strategy instructions, which is considered more suitable for assessing the effectiveness of problem solving strategies. We also replicated the association between rumination and each dimension of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised Short Version (SPSI-R:S). Japanese undergraduate students (N = 223) completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), MEPS, and SPSI-R:S. One half of the sample completed the MEPS with the second-person, actual strategy instructions. The other participants completed the MEPS with the third-person, ideal-strategy instructions. The results showed that neither total RRS score, nor its subscale scores were significantly correlated with MEPS scores under either of the two instructions. These findings taken together with previous findings indicate that in nonclinical populations, trait rumination is not related to the effectiveness of problem solving strategies, but that state rumination while responding to the MEPS deteriorates the quality of strategies. The correlations between RRS and SPSI-R:S scores indicated that trait rumination in general, and its brooding subcomponent in particular are parts of cognitive and behavioral responses that attempt to avoid negative environmental and negative private events. Results also showed that reflection is a part of active problem solving. 相似文献
62.
Masatoshi Mitsuhara Shigeto Yamasaki Masaki Miake Hideharu Nakashima Minoru Nishida Junichi Kusumoto 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2016,96(2):76-83
The interactions between dislocations and lath boundaries in Grade 91 steel were observed by an in situ transmission electron microscopy tensile test at 973 K. Dislocations glided slowly and bowed out in a martensite lath interior. The ends of the dislocation were connected to the lath boundaries. In a tempered specimen, the pinning stress caused by the lath boundary was estimated to be >70 MPa with a lath width of 0.4 μm. In crept specimens, lath coarsening reduced the pinning effect. 相似文献
63.
Tasuku Igarashi Yoshihisa Kashima Emiko S. Kashima Tomas Farsides Uichol Kim Fritz Strack Lioba Werth Masaki Yuki 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2008,11(1):88-101
Although the role of trust in group processes has been well established, less is known about the role of trust in social network processes. Trust, conceptualized to have generalized and particularistic aspects, was measured by generalized trust (people can be trusted in general) and relationism (people can be trusted if one has relationships), and their relations with social network characteristics of network homogeneity (extent to which one has a number of friends with similar attitudes) and network closure (extent to which one's social network is closed) were examined in three Western (Australia, Germany, and the United Kingdom) and two East Asian countries (Japan and Korea). Although generalized trust was shown to be positively related to network closure across the five countries, generalized trust and relationism had different relations with network homogeneity in different cultures. The results were interpreted in terms of social institutional and cultural differences. 相似文献
64.
Young human children at around 2 years of age fail to predict the correct location of an object when it is dropped from the top of an S-shape opaque tube. They search in the location just below the releasing point (Hood, 1995). This type of error, called a 'gravity bias', has recently been reported in dogs and monkeys. In the present study, we investigated whether young and adult chimpanzees also show such a gravity bias in a modified version of the original opaque-tube task. The original task by Hood and colleagues required the subject to search in a location after the object had fallen, while in the task reported here, subjects were required to predict the location before the object was dropped. Thus the present procedure does not involve explicit invisible displacement operations, one of the important components of the original procedure. In Experiment 1 both young (1.5-2.5-year-old) and adult chimpanzees predicted the location of falling food items below the releasing point even when crossed tubes were used. These gravity errors remained after the extensive experience of using the tubes themselves. Experiment 2 further tested adult and 4-year-old chimpanzees under the set-up in which the straight and crossed tubes were simultaneously presented. The results were the same as those in the previous test, suggesting that developmental changes and learning effect do not affect the gravity bias in chimpanzees. 相似文献
65.
Toshiaki Imada Masaki Kawakatsu Makoto Kotani & Masaki Tojo 《The Japanese psychological research》2000,42(1):15-25
To find out which brain regions are responsible for the mental construction and recognition of a kanji character initiated by visually presented kanji radicals, rather than by information retained in the memory, a left hen radical and the corresponding right tsukuri radical were simultaneously presented randomly to either the left or right visual field of seven subjects. Thirty left hen radicals and the corresponding right tsukuri radicals were prepared as stimuli; this combination formed over 500 real or pseudo kanji characters. Instead of their usual left and right positions, the left hen radical was always presented above the right tsukuri radical. As quickly and correctly as possible, the subjects released a key when two kanji radicals constituted a single real kanji character and released another key otherwise. We recorded neuromagnetic responses as well as accuracy and reaction time. Left visual field superiority was observed as regards accuracy. This is in good agreement with previous neuropsychological results. Equivalent current dipoles were localized mainly in the left and/or right occipitotemporal regions (ventral visual pathways), the bilateral occipitoparietal regions (dorsal visual pathways) including the supramarginal region, and the areas surrounding the left superior temporal cortex. We suggest that these regions are related to reading and the mental construction of a kanji character from its radicals. 相似文献
66.
67.
Masaki Matsunaga 《人类交流研究》2011,37(2):174-206
This study examined the working mechanisms of social support for victims of bullying. Structural equation modeling analyses based on retrospective survey data (N = 448) revealed that the effects of supportive messages varied distinctively, depending on the content of the messages; emotional and esteem support enhanced, but network support impeded, positive reappraisal (the effects of informational support were not significant). Except for that which was related to network support, discrepancy between desired and received support was associated with less positive appraisal. Finally, positive appraisal was found to enhance victims' postbullying adjustment both behaviorally and psychologically. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications with reference to the literature on social support and coping of bullied victims. 相似文献
68.
Previous studies comparing eye movements between humans and their closest relatives, chimpanzees, have revealed similarities
and differences between the species in terms of where individuals fixate their gaze during free viewing of a naturalistic
scene, including social stimuli (e.g. body and face). However, those results were somewhat confounded by the fact that gaze
behavior is influenced by low-level stimulus properties (e.g., color and form) and by high-level processes such as social
sensitivity and knowledge about the scene. Given the known perceptual and cognitive similarities between chimpanzees and humans,
it is expected that such low-level effects do not play a critical role in explaining the high-level similarities and differences
between the species. However, there is no quantitative evidence to support this assumption. To estimate the effect of local
stimulus saliency on such eye-movement patterns, this study used a well-established bottom-up saliency model. In addition,
to elucidate the cues that the viewers use to guide their gaze, we presented scenes in which we had manipulated various stimulus
properties. As expected, the saliency model did not fully predict the fixation patterns actually observed in chimpanzees and
humans. In addition, both species used multiple cues to fixate socially significant areas such as the face. There was no evidence
suggesting any differences between chimpanzees and humans in their responses to low-level saliency. Therefore, this study
found a substantial amount of similarity in the perceptual mechanisms underlying gaze guidance in chimpanzees and humans and
thereby offers a foundation for direct comparisons between them. 相似文献
69.
Masaki Kobayashi 《Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations》1996,7(3):285-295
In the modern world, since the end of the Cold War, it seems that the significance of inter‐religious dialogue between Muslims and Christians is increasing. One of the most interesting cases is that of the Vatican and Sudan. There exists an impression that the inter‐religious dialogue between these two parties is going very well But to what extent is this true? This article attempts to find out the true picture of this dialogue. Although the Sudanese Islamists were initially not so keen on the dialogue, they later became more positive and enthusiastic. The Sudanese have developed a vision in international inter‐religious dialogue, while the Vatican seems to have employed a rather delicate policy towards Sudan. 相似文献
70.
Perception of shape from shading in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Masaki Tomonaga 《Animal cognition》1998,1(1):25-35
The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors.
Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous
research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same
difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained
by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from
a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical
and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process
shading information in a different way from humans.
Received: 20 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 30 March 1998 相似文献