排序方式: 共有38条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Marylou Kincaid 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1969,47(9):884-890
Counselors working in the black community must understand the special problems of black people in discovering and affirming their identity. Black Power, proclaiming the integrity of the black community, has special relevance for black people in search of an identity. Counselors cannot ignore the new self-awareness which many black clients bring to counseling. An approach to counseling black clients is suggested, and some techniques are reviewed that may facilitate their full freedom. The role of the white counselor may be one of supervisor of lay therapists in the black community or change-agent and interpreter in the white community. 相似文献
2.
Cheal M 《Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs》2001,127(4):409-457
To distinguish between theoretical concepts of how attention is allocated, participants were presented with different types of precues in 6 experiments. In 1 condition with 100% valid precues (Experiments 1 and 2), the time course of attention effects revealed that (a) higher accuracy was obtained with dynamic multiple-element precues (MEPs in which the unique element was defined by apparent motion) than with static MEPs, in which the elements did not move once they were presented (Cheal & Chastain, 1998); (b) a longer precue-target interval (stimulus-onset asynchrony; SOA) was needed to reach asymptote accuracy with dynamic MEPs than with dynamic single-element precues (SEPs); and (c) all dynamic precues (both MEPs and SEPs) resulted in a decline in accuracy at long SOAs. These results suggest that static and dynamic MEPs result in delayed engagement of attention relative to SEPs. Further, a decline in accuracy at long intervals is associated with static and dynamic SEPs and dynamic MEPs, but not with static MEPs. With irrelevant precues (Experiments 3 to 5), there was capture by precues in which the unique element moved briskly, smoothly, or abruptly, or simply flashed on and off, although there were differences in the amount of capture. The strongest capture occurred with smooth movement in static background elements and the weakest with smooth movement in abruptly moving background elements. It was shown in Experiment 6 that a static MEP will not capture attention if one element changes to a unique brightness near the time of precue onset, but if the element changes after 1,000 ms, it will capture attention. The authors suggest that different types of precues result in unequal influence of endogenous and exogenous components of attention, even when the same targets are used. In addition, they show that neither singleton detection mode nor contingent involuntary orienting is necessary for the capture of attention. 相似文献
3.
Large differences between the time course of attentional responsiveness to onset single-element precues (onset singles) and to onset multiple-element precues (onset multiples) have suggested differences in the way attention is controlled. In five experiments here, singles presented as offsets produced rapid attention buildup, attentional decay across longer precue-to-target delays, and attentional capture, as do onset singles, suggesting exogenous attentional control; both offset and onset multiples produced gradual onset of attentional effects without subsequent attentional decay, suggesting endogenous attentional control; and onset and offset singles produced higher accuracy than onset and offset multiples. Thus, the dynamic quality of a sudden onset is not sufficient explanation for the exogenous attentional control produced by a single-element peripheral precue. 相似文献
4.
The orientation of a nontarget in a location-cuing paradigm has been shown to affect accuracy of identification of target
orientation when modified plus-signs (Ts) are the stimuli. In the current study, similar effects were found with Landolt C
(C) stimuli. Both shapes of targets were identified by orientation. Moreover, targets were affected by nontargets whether
both target and nontarget were the same shape or if they were different shapes. A single nontarget with an orientation that
matched that of the target improved accuracy of identification of target orientation, whereas a nontarget with an orientation
that did not match that of the target impaired accuracy of identification of target orientation, even though the nontargets
appeared in locations that were never cued and could never contain targets. The data are consistent with either the Variable
and Permeable Filters metaphor or a response competition account.
Received: 1 July 1998 / Accepted: 22 October 1998 相似文献
5.
Three experiments were conducted to investigate influences on the precue-to-target delay at which response facilitation is first replaced by inhibition of return (IOR). In Experiment 1, different ranges of delays were used; the interpolated delay at which faster RTs for matching precue and target locations changed to slower RTs was inversely related to the length of the range of precue-to-target delays within a block of trials. These findings were replicated in Experiment 2, which additionally showed that task difficulty provided an insufficient explanation for the delay in the changeover time. These data allowed the conclusion that a shorter range of precue-to-target delays results in later onset of IOR than does a longer range of delays. The data from Experiment 3 suggested that a single character on the target screen confounds the interpretation of possible facilitation and/or inhibition due to the allocation of attention. These results were related to other reported findings and to theories of attention allocation. 相似文献
6.
Mary Lou Cheal Don R. Lyon Lawrence R. Gottlob 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1994,47(3):699-739
The effects of attention on visual perception are assessed in the location-precuing paradigm. First, we present a review of some current metaphors for attention and relevant data. Then, a framework is suggested that provides an interpretation of the temporal sequence of external and assumed internal processes within a location-cuing trial. Cases when a precue correctly indicates the target location (valid trials) are compared to cases when the precue directs attention to the wrong location (invalid trials) with the cue location either at fixation or peripheral to the target location. Several specific hypotheses are suggested; these concern decrements in performance on invalid trials and effects of the location of a precue. For the most part, these hypotheses are supported by data in the literature and in some new studies. A gradient-filter metaphor for attention, which includes a synthesis of ideas from the gradient model and the attention gate model, is more consistent with the data than is a spotlight metaphor. 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
10.
Marylou Butler Kincaid 《Sex roles》1977,3(4):329-336
Changes in sex-role attitudes and self-actualization of adult women in a community college were examined following a consciousness-raising group. Participants viewed their own role and that of their ideal woman as more extrafamilial, became more inner-directed, and maintained a consistently positive attitude toward other women. 相似文献