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991.
Russell J. Webster Donald A. Saucier Richard J. Harris 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2010,46(3):300-313
Given its renown, many psychologists and sociologists likely consider the publication of Gordon Allport's ( 1954 / 1979 ) seminal book The Nature of Prejudice as the inauguration of the psychological study of prejudice. However, we have uncovered rarely‐cited, published papers (starting in 1830) that provide a wealth of speculation on prejudice even before psychologists/sociologists attempted to measure it (circa 1925). Thus, this paper intends to discuss early published work on prejudice in psychology and sociology by focusing on three key questions: a) when did psychologists/sociologists recognize prejudice as a psychological phenomenon, b) when did psychologists/sociologists recognize prejudice as a phenomenon in need of study, and c) what were the historical and personal conditions that gave rise to the interest in prejudice? In short, the seeds of prejudice research were maturing for some time before Allport's seminal book and the first attitudinal studies on prejudice, although these earlier works are seldom cited. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
992.
Roger Harris 《Axiomathes》2010,20(4):461-478
There are, broadly, three sorts of account of intrinsicality: ‘self-sufficiency’, ‘essentiality’ and ‘pure qualitativeness’.
I argue for the last of these, and urge that we take intrinsic properties of concrete objects to be all and only those shared
by actual or possible duplicates, which only differ extrinsically. This approach gains support from Francescotti’s approach:
defining ‘intrinsic’ in contradistinction to extrinsic properties which ‘consist in’ relations which rule out intrinsicality.
I answer Weatherson’s criticisms of Francescotti, but, to answer criticisms of my own, I amend his account, proposing that
possession of an extrinsic property consists in a relation to one or more actual or possible distinct concrete objects. Finally I indicate ways to avoid some apparent objections to this account. 相似文献
993.
John Sutton Celia B. Harris Paul G. Keil Amanda J. Barnier 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(4):521-560
This paper introduces a new, expanded range of relevant cognitive psychological research on collaborative recall and social
memory to the philosophical debate on extended and distributed cognition. We start by examining the case for extended cognition
based on the complementarity of inner and outer resources, by which neural, bodily, social, and environmental resources with
disparate but complementary properties are integrated into hybrid cognitive systems, transforming or augmenting the nature
of remembering or decision-making. Adams and Aizawa, noting this distinctive complementarity argument, say that they agree
with it completely: but they describe it as “a non-revolutionary approach” which leaves “the cognitive psychology of memory
as the study of processes that take place, essentially without exception, within nervous systems.” In response, we carve out,
on distinct conceptual and empirical grounds, a rich middle ground between internalist forms of cognitivism and radical anti-cognitivism.
Drawing both on extended cognition literature and on Sterelny’s account of the “scaffolded mind” (this issue), we develop
a multidimensional framework for understanding varying relations between agents and external resources, both technological
and social. On this basis we argue that, independent of any more “revolutionary” metaphysical claims about the partial constitution
of cognitive processes by external resources, a thesis of scaffolded or distributed cognition can substantially influence
or transform explanatory practice in cognitive science. Critics also cite various empirical results as evidence against the
idea that remembering can extend beyond skull and skin. We respond with a more principled, representative survey of the scientific
psychology of memory, focussing in particular on robust recent empirical traditions for the study of collaborative recall
and transactive social memory. We describe our own empirical research on socially distributed remembering, aimed at identifying
conditions for mnemonic emergence in collaborative groups. Philosophical debates about extended, embedded, and distributed
cognition can thus make richer, mutually beneficial contact with independently motivated research programs in the cognitive
psychology of memory. 相似文献
994.
Colleen E. Carney Andrea L. Harris Jack D. Edinger 《Behaviour research and therapy》2010,48(6):540-546
Research has found that repetitive thought processes, such as worry and rumination, play an important role in several disorders; however, these cognitive processes have not yet been examined in insomnia. This study explores rumination and worry in insomnia by examining: 1) whether those high and low on rumination and worry differ on subjective sleep measures, and 2) whether rumination and worry are distinct processes in insomnia. Participants (N = 242) were diagnosed with an insomnia disorder by sleep experts. Participants completed measures of worry and rumination and maintained a 2-week daily sleep log. Results of a multivariate analysis of variance found no main effect of worry; although high and low ruminators differed on several sleep log indices, including sleep efficiency, wakefulness after sleep onset and sleep quality. Factor analysis supported the idea that rumination and worry are separate constructs. Whereas previous research has focused on worry in insomnia, these findings suggest that rumination is important for understanding sleep disturbance. Further, although rumination and worry are both repetitive thought processes, these results indicate that they are distinct processes within insomnia and should be treated as such. The results are discussed with respect to treatment implications for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia. 相似文献
995.
Mark C. Frame Katherine J. Roberto Ashleigh E. Schwab Celesta Taylor Harris 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(1):36-56
The importance ratings of job competency dimensions on a 360‐degree feedback instrument were examined. We hypothesized that men (incumbents and bosses) would rate agentic behaviors higher in importance than would women, and that women (incumbents and bosses) would rate communal behaviors higher in importance than would men. Differences were found for men and women across rating sources and across job level (organizational position). The present findings suggest that men and women incumbents view different factors as important for their jobs and that people in higher level jobs place more importance on agentic behaviors than do those in lower level positions, and people in lower level jobs place more importance on communal behaviors than do those in higher level positions. 相似文献
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Susan K Lutgendorf Daniel Russell Philip Ullrich Tamara B Harris Robert Wallace 《Health psychology》2004,23(5):465-475
This study prospectively examined the relationship between religious attendance, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and mortality rates in a community-based sample of 557 older adults. Attending religious services more than once weekly was a significant predictor of lower subsequent 12-year mortality and elevated IL-6 levels (> 3.19 pg/mL), with a mortality ratio of.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.15,0.72; p <.01) and an odds ratio for elevated IL-6 of.34 (95% CI = 0.16, 0.73, p <.01), compared with never attending religious services. Structural equation modeling indicated religious attendance was significantly related to lower mortality rates and IL-6 levels, and IL-6 levels mediated the prospective relationship between religious attendance and mortality. Results were independent of covariates including age, sex, health behaviors, chronic illness, social support, and depression. Findings are consistent with a role for IL-6 in processes mediating the relationship between religious attendance and mortality. 相似文献