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881.
Two experiments are reported which investigated how subject gender and time-of-day influenced the estimation of duration and
the perception of task-related mental workload. In the first experiment, 24 subjects performed a filled time-estimation task
in a constant blacked-out, noise-reduced environment at 0800h, 1200h, 1600h, and 2000h, respectively. In the second experiment,
12 different subjects performed an unfilled time estimation task in similar conditions at 0900h, 1400h, and 1900h. At the
termination of all experimental sessions, participants completed the NASA Task Load Index workload assessment questionnaire
as a measure of perceived mental workload. Results indicated that physiological response, reflected in body temperature change,
followed an expected pattern of sequential increase with time-of-day. However, estimates of duration and the perception of
mental workload showed no significant effects for time-of-day. In each of the experiments there were significant differences
in time estimation and mental workload response contingent on the gender of the participant. These results are interpreted
in light of the previous positive findings for circadian fluctuation in performance efficiency and the equivocal findings
of a gender difference in time estimation. A unifying account of these collective results is given based on gender by time-of-day
interactional effects.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Anaheim, CA, October,
1988. 相似文献
882.
883.
This study sought to investigate the effects of mild head injury on a particular type of cognitive ability, verbal analogical
reasoning. The performance of 19 individuals with head injuries was compared to a group of 30 control subjects matched for
age, education, and gender on 100 verbal analogies. Solution times and error rates were modeled. Unstandardized regression
weights for individual subjects were correlated with subjects’ performance on a number of standardized ability tests. Results
showed that compared to the control subjects, the head injured subjects: (a) were significantly slower to solve the analogies,
and were particularly slow to perform certain processes: encoding/inference and comparison; (b) tended to show greater variability
in performance; and (c) had data that had a poorer componential model fit. The data suggest that analogical reasoning is affected
by a head injury, and that certain information processes may be responsible for performance deficits. 相似文献
884.
Valerie P. Hans 《Current Psychology》1992,2(3):283-299
A comparative survey of jury selection practices in Britain and the United States indicates that the two countries differ
along a number of dimensions, including the emphasis on the jury selection process in the trial, the amount and type of information
available about prospective jurors, and the frequency with which trial lawyers alter the composition of the jury. The probable
impact of these differences is analysed by considering the importance of jury composition in determining a jury’s verdict,
the effectiveness of lawyers in exercising their challenges, and broader effects of jury selection procedures in the two countries. 相似文献
885.
M. S. Singer 《Current Psychology》1992,11(2):128-144
This study attempted to apply the relative deprivation theory to preferential selection research. Two questions were addressed
in this context: First, does preferential selection cause feelings of injustice or deprivation? and, second, can the magnitude
of such feelings of injustice be predicted? A questionnaire was designed to assess fairness perceptions of all types of selection
outcomes: preferential selection; together with selection involving discrimination against minorities and selections without
either forms of discrimination. Results showed that preferential selection caused feelings of injustice. The level of felt
injustice associated with preferential selection was identical to that due to discrimination against minorities. Further,
the magnitude of felt injustice due to preferential selection could be predicted by the size of the discrepancy in “performance-relevant
merits” between the selected minority candidate and the unsuccessful majority candidate. The study also compared effects of
the “self-other” comparison process, used in previous relative deprivation research, and a “other-other” comparison process
on justice perception. Implications of the results for the application of relative deprivation theory to preferential selection
research were discussed. 相似文献
886.
Psychological knowledge from eye-witness research is applied here to the particular problem of reporting road accidents. Thereby
the paper highlights some of the assumptions in eye-witness research. The interface between that research and the reporting
of road accidents is examined by reference to existing social psychological notions. These are notions about questioning and
about hypothesis testing. The paper makes special reference to the questioning of child witnesses because problems therein
are particularly acute. 相似文献
887.
Measures of spatial cognition, neighborhood knowledge, and neighborhood use from the research described by Walsh, Krauss, and Regnier (1981) were examined to determine if laboratory tests of spatial cognition were significant predictors of older adults' use of their neighborhoods. The overall results show that laboratory-based measures of spatial cognition and subjects' knowledge of their neighborhoods are both significant predictors of their use of neighborhood goods and services. The ability to learn and remember the location and orientation of objects, when contextual cues were not provided at test, was more predictive of the participants' neighborhood use than either the participants' number of years in the neighborhood or their mobility. Spatial memory as measured by the Educational Testing Service Building Memory task predicted neighborhood knowledge, which was predictive of neighborhood use. 相似文献
888.
Elders exposed to either progressive or imaginal relaxation procedures reported significant relaxation effects and showed improvement on measures of personal functioning. The results of the Physical Assessment Scale of the Relaxation Inventory indicated that relaxation responses were acquired within and across sessions. Large, consistent changes in relaxation occurred in all 4 sessions. The Symptom Checklist-90-R, which measures self-reported personal adjustment, showed significant positive changes following relaxation training and at 1-month follow-up. Elders who imagined muscle tension release profited as much as those engaged in actual muscle tension-release activities. This finding is of importance for older adults who may experience physical limitations that contraindicate muscle-tension-release procedures. 相似文献
889.
890.
JEFFREY A. KOTTLER 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1992,70(4):475-476
Counselor educators, supervisors, and practitioners sometimes act in ways that contradict the most significant beliefs and values that they espouse. Despite communicating to students and trainees the importance of being caring, respectful, warm, flexible, honest, and personally competent, we are sometimes found to be operating quite differently. Issues related to the counselor educator, supervisor, and practitioner's narcissism, self-indulgence, abuses of power, illusions of omnipotence, prejudices, and unresolved issues are discussed. A case is strongly presented that we would all be a lot more effective if we worked to confront our hypocrisies and practice more what we preach. 相似文献