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901.
902.
Mary Coleman 《Reviews in Religion & Theology》2009,16(4):549-550
903.
Reinier P. Pualengco Chi-yue Chiu Young-Hoon Kim 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2009,12(1):12-19
Pre-emptive effort downplaying (PED) occurs when people publicly downplay their effort expenditure on test preparation prior to taking a test for the sake of managing the social evaluation of the self in the face of a challenging performance task. Thirty Asian Americans and 29 European Americans had two opportunities to publicly report their effort expenditure on a practice exercise. They also completed measures of self-evaluations and concern for performance before working on the practice exercise, and the self-evaluation measure again at the completion of the actual test. Only European Americans showed PED. Additionally, concern for performance was positively associated with and mediated cultural variations in PED. The implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
904.
Successful integration of individuals in macaque societies suggests that monkeys use fast and efficient perceptual mechanisms
to discriminate between conspecifics. Humans and great apes use primarily holistic and configural, but also feature-based,
processing for face recognition. The relative contribution of these processes to face recognition in monkeys is not known.
We measured face recognition in three monkeys performing a visual paired comparison task. Monkey and humans faces were (1)
axially rotated, (2) inverted, (3) high-pass filtered, and (4) low-pass filtered to isolate different face processing strategies.
The amount of time spent looking at the eyes, mouth, and other facial features was compared across monkey and human faces
for each type of stimulus manipulation. For all monkeys, face recognition, expressed as novelty preference, was intact for
monkey faces that were axially rotated or spatially filtered and was supported in general by preferential looking at the eyes,
but was impaired for inverted faces in two of the three monkeys. Axially rotated, upright human faces with a full range of
spatial frequencies were also recognized, however, the distribution of time spent exploring each facial feature was significantly
different compared to monkey faces. No novelty preference, and hence no inferred recognition, was observed for inverted or
low-pass filtered human faces. High-pass filtered human faces were recognized, however, the looking pattern on facial features
deviated from the pattern observed for monkey faces. Taken together these results indicate large differences in recognition
success and in perceptual strategies used by monkeys to recognize humans versus conspecifics. Monkeys use both second-order
configural and feature-based processing to recognize the faces of conspecifics, but they use primarily feature-based strategies
to recognize human faces. 相似文献
905.
Aims: This qualitative study aimed to expand the limited evidence base about the long‐term effects of psychological therapies.Method: We conducted in‐depth interviews with 15 people, 1–3 years after primary care counselling, to investigate whether they could identify enduring benefits and the mechanisms that brought about and maintained them. From their narratives, we developed a model of the change process of counselling and mechanisms that were perceived as essential to produce lasting benefit. The model conceptualised movement through distinct phases: engagement; exploration of internal and external worlds; consolidation and negotiated ending. Results: Mechanisms integral to sustained impact were: the active engagement of people during and between sessions to work toward their own solutions; and acquisition through the change process of skills which could be further built on after the counselling ended. These enabled ongoing, dynamic change in the way people conducted their lives and relationships. Conclusion: A key concept in securing long‐term benefit was co‐production, both during counselling and in taking ownership of and using the ‘box of skills’ acquired. Support of the model was reinforced through comparison with the experience of three interviewees who reported no long‐term benefit. 相似文献
906.
Carla L. Harenski Sang Hee Kim Stephan Hamann 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(1):1-15
Functional neuroimaging has identified brain regions associated with voluntary regulation of emotion, including the prefrontal
cortex and amygdala. The neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in emotion regulation have not been extensively
studied. We investigated the neural correlates of neuroticism and psychopathic personality traits in the context of an emotion
regulation task. Results showed that amygdala activity elicited by unpleasant pictures was positively correlated with neuroticism
and negatively correlated with a specific psychopathic trait related to emotional underreactivity. During active attempts
to decrease emotional responses to unpleasant pictures, superior and ventrolateral prefrontal activity was positively correlated
with psychopathy, but not with neuroticism. In contrast, dorsolateral prefrontal activity was positively correlated with neuroticism,
but not with psychopathy. Psychopathy was also negatively correlated with medial prefrontal activity in response to pictures
depicting moral violations, suggesting reduced emotional responses to moral stimuli in individuals with high levels of psychopathic
traits. These results demonstrate dissociable influences of different personality traits on neural activity associated with
responses to emotional stimuli and on the recruitment of regulation-related brain activity during the active down-regulation
of responses to negative emotional stimuli. These results have implications for the etiology of trait-based psychopathology
involving emotional dysregulation. 相似文献
907.
John A. McCarty Martin I. Horn Mary Kate Szenasy Jocelyn Feintuch 《Journal of Consumer Behaviour》2007,6(1):48-59
- An important consideration for marketers is determining the best approach to take when marketing their product or service across national borders. It has become clear that the answer to this is not as simple as complete standardization or adaptation, and the appropriate approach may be contingent on a complex set of variables. One key aspect of the puzzle relates to an understanding of the attitudes and behaviours of consumers. The current study examines consumer style (variables related to the way people engage in their consumption activities) as an important area of consideration related to international marketing efforts. Consumer style was investigated in three European countries and the US, using data from the DDB Brand Capital Study (a multi‐country survey). Although results showed that country differences are evident on consumption style, a cluster analysis suggests that there were four segments of consumers that transcend country boundaries. The findings add to our knowledge about consumers in these countries and the characteristics of the segments with respect to differing styles of consumption.
908.
Bard KA 《Animal cognition》2007,10(2):233-242
Primate species differ in their imitative performance, perhaps reflecting differences in imitative capacity. The developmentally
earliest form of imitation in humans, neonatal imitation, occurs in early interactions with social partners, and may be a
more accurate index of innate capacity than imitation of actions on objects, which requires more cognitive ability. This study
assessed imitative capacity in five neonatal chimpanzees, within a narrow age range (7–15 days of age), by testing responses
to facial and vocal actions with two different test paradigms (structured and communicative). Imitation of mouth opening was
found in both paradigms. In the communicative paradigm, significant agreement was found between infant actions and demonstrations.
Additionally, chimpanzees matched the sequence of three actions of the TC model, but only on the second demonstration. Newborn
chimpanzees matched more modeled actions in the communicative test than in the structured paradigm. These performances of
chimpanzees, at birth, are in agreement with the literature, supporting a conclusion that imitative capacity is not unique
to the human species. Developmental histories must be more fully considered in the cross-species study of imitation, as there
is a greater degree of innate imitative capacity than previously known. Socialization practices interact with innate and developing
competencies to determine the outcome of imitation tests later in life. 相似文献
909.
Concurrent working memory load can facilitate selective attention: evidence for specialized load 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Park S Kim MS Chun MM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(5):1062-1075
Load theory predicts that concurrent working memory load impairs selective attention and increases distractor interference (N. Lavie, A. Hirst, J. W. de Fockert, & E. Viding). Here, the authors present new evidence that the type of concurrent working memory load determines whether load impairs selective attention or not. Working memory load was paired with a same/different matching task that required focusing on targets while ignoring distractors. When working memory items shared the same limited-capacity processing mechanisms with targets in the matching task, distractor interference increased. However, when working memory items shared processing with distractors in the matching task, distractor interference decreased, facilitating target selection. A specialized load account is proposed to describe the dissociable effects of working memory load on selective processing depending on whether the load overlaps with targets or with distractors. 相似文献
910.
Sherman DK Kinias Z Major B Kim HS Prenovost M 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(8):1100-1112
Self-affirmation theory proposes that people can respond to threats to the self by affirming alternative sources of self-integrity, resulting in greater openness to self-threatening information. The present research examines this at a group level by investigating whether a group affirmation (affirming an important group value) increases acceptance of threatening group information among sports teams and fans. In Study 1, athletes exhibited a group-serving attributional bias, which was eliminated by the group affirmation. In Study 2, the most highly identified fans exhibited the most bias in terms of their attributions, and this bias was eliminated by the group affirmation. These studies suggest that groups can serve as resources from which people can draw in response to threatening group events. 相似文献