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891.
Clifford R. Mynatt Michael E. Doherty Ryan D. Tweney 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1978,30(3):395-406
Advanced undergraduate science majors attempted for approximately 10h each to discover the laws governing a dynamic system. The system included 27 fixed objects, some of which influenced the direction of a moving particle. At a given time, any one screen of a nine-screen matrix could be observed on a plasma display screen. Confirmatory strategies were the rule, even though half the subjects had been carefully instructed in strong inference. Falsification was counterproductive for some subjects. It seems that a firm base of inductive generalizations, supported by confirmatory research, is a prerequisite to useful implementation of a falsification strategy. 相似文献
892.
The incidence of stuttering has always been reported to be higher in males than in females. Possible causes of the unequal sex ratio include various ascertainment biases, incomplete reporting, social role differences, X-linked inheritance, or a combination of environmental and genetic elements. Each of these factors has been examined against data collected in the large family study of stuttering, and all but one have been eliminated. Only the gene-environment interaction hypothesis can be supported by the data. Statistical analysis confirms that the sex effect in stuttering is real and supports a threshold model for the sex difference. We conclude that the possibility of differences between males and females must be considered in any etiological research in stuttering. 相似文献
893.
Mary Jo Nissen 《Memory & cognition》1979,7(2):124-132
This article examines associations among representations of physical, name, and category information by determining effects of category repetition on and following physical, name, and category match trials. Subjects decided whether two letters were from the same half of the alphabet. Category repetition effects were evidenced by faster ~nd more accurate responses when letters from the same half of the alphabet were used on successive trials. Although physical matches showed no effect of category repetition, name and category matches did. Trials following physical matches were less affected by category repetition than were trials following name or category matches. The results suggested that these category repetition effects were mediated by interletter associations: Reaction time increased with the alphabetic distance between preceding and current letters. However, these distance effects held only for forward (A → B) and not backward (B → A) alphabetic sequences, suggesting that the alphabetic representation is ordinal and unidirectional. 相似文献
894.
Robert B Slaney Mary Jane Stafford Joyce E.A Russell 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1981,19(3):335-345
This study compared 66 high-school women, 66 first-year college women, and 66 adult women on four measures of career indecision, the Satisfaction with Career Scale, the Occupational Alternatives Question, the Vocational Decision Making Difficulty Scale, and the Career Decision Scale. The results consistently suggested that the adult women were experiencing more career indecision than the high-school and college women. Intercorrelations among the scales were generally moderate to somewhat low and raised some questions about the use of the Career Decision Scale with adult women. Additional data were gathered on the adult women in an attempt to delineate the sample. Variables included were: marital status, present work experience, the career-related goals and the reasons for pursuing these goals, and possible impediments to reaching the goals. These results are presented and the implications for future research and counseling with adult women are examined. 相似文献
895.
William Austin Thomas A. Williams Stephen Worchel Allison Adler Wentzel Daniel Siegel 《Journal of applied social psychology》1981,11(4):281-300
In an experimental simulation, observers evaluated one of four different legal procedures in the presence of either a favorable or unfavorable outcome in a video-taped reenactment of a criminal trial. The procedures were adversarial, inquisitorial, adversarial without lawyer, and adversarial with plea bargaining. Data were gathered on the fairness and perceived satisfaction of the defendant with the final outcome, and quality of the defense and prosecution. Contrary to previous research, results showed that the several different procedures were seen as equally fair and legitimate, which suggests that how a procedure is implemented may be more important than its structural properties in observers' overall evaluations. It was also found that defendants are seen as least satisfied when the ostensibly fairest procedure (eg, adversarial) yields an unfavorable outcome. This finding supports a frustration interpretation and contradicts previous studies which report adversarial to be the most preferred dispute resolution procedure within all outcome conditions. 相似文献
896.
Joe Dan Austin 《Psychometrika》1981,46(2):129-137
On distractor-identification tests students mark as many distractors as possible on each test item. A grading scale is developed for this type testing. The scale is optimal in that it is the unique scale giving an unbiased estimate of the student's true score, i.e., the score that would result if no guessing occurred. If the test is administered as a usual multiple choice test and graded using the usual correction for guessing scale, the expected item score is the same as for the distractor-identification testing using the optimal grading scale. However, the variance of the item score is shown to be less for distractor-identification testing than for usual multiple choice testing under certain conditions. 相似文献
897.
Four memory scanning experiments investigated the effect of the probability of occurrence of one case of a letter (e.g., “A”) on response time to the other case of that same letter (“a”). There was no effect: Responses to one case of a letter did not depend on the probability of occurrence of the other case of the letter. This finding indicates that facilitation of visual encoding by high probability of occurrence is not caused by increased activation at the level of the name code. Previous results rule out the possibility that facilitation occurs at the level of feature detectors responding to the individual visual features of the high-probability stimuli, and these results were replicated in the present experiments. It appears that facilitation is caused by activation along specific routes by which visual features activate letter names. This conclusion has implications for the locus of effect of stimulus probability in models of letter coding 相似文献
898.
Memory and associative reasoning skills of 10 hyperlexic children are examined. The results suggest superior visual and isolated auditory memory skills along with impaired associative language ability. The results are discussed in relation to various theories of hyperlexia. 相似文献
899.
Mary Ellen Cline David S. Holmes Jana C. Werner 《Journal of applied social psychology》1977,7(1):89-93
Forty-two male and 42 female subjects selected from a large city, a small town, or a university campus were asked to evaluate four pen and ink sketches and four quotations. Two sketches and two quotations were associated with fictitious women's names while the remainder were associated with fictitious men's names. A three-way interaction indicated that women tended to discriminate against the productions attributed to men, and men significantly discriminated against the productions of women. But all discriminations were limited to intellectual productions (quotations). 相似文献
900.
While DSM-II contains more diagnostic categories related specifically to children than did the earlier DSM-I, clinical utilization studies of the various categories have not been extensive. The present study reports data on the distribution of diagnoses of childhood disorders and analyzes relationships among several diagnostic categories and subject variables. Results indicate that clinicians are using a wide range of DSM-II diagnoses for childhood disorders, including some which were intended for use with adults as well as those which were designed specifically for children. Transient Situational Disorders and Behavior Disorders are assigned almost equally to two-thirds of the sample. Chi-square analyses revealed a relationship between diagnostic categories and subject variables of age and sex. These data suggest that boys, particularly between the ages of 6 and 13, are more frequently than girls categorized as Behavior Disorder, and that the Transient Situational Disorder category is overutilized for adolescents, both male and female.The authors are indebted to James H. Johnson for his valuable contributions in all phases of this study and to Peggy Louro for her assistance in data collection. 相似文献