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911.
Recent studies reveal that naming has powerful conceptual consequences within the first year of life. Naming distinct objects with the same word highlights commonalities among the objects and promotes object categorization. In the present experiment, we pursued the origin of this link by examining the influence of words and tones on object categorization in infants at 6 and 12 months. At both ages, infants hearing a novel word for a set of distinct objects successfully formed object categories; those hearing a sequence of tones for the same objects did not. These results support the view that infants are sensitive to powerful and increasingly nuanced links between linguistic and conceptual units very early in the process of lexical acquisition. 相似文献
912.
This study tests the main and interactive effects of belongingness and perceived charismatic leadership on 2 forms of organizational citizenship behavior (helping and compliance). In line with expectations, a study of 115 manager-subordinate dyads demonstrates that employees show more helping (manager rated) when they have a stronger sense of belongingness at work and more helping as well as compliance when they perceive their leader to be more charismatic (subordinate rated). Belongingness partially mediates the relationship between charisma and helping. Also, as hypothesized, belongingness and charisma have interactive effects on employees' helping and compliance. The impact of perceived charisma on these behaviors is stronger for employees with a low sense of belongingness at work than for individuals with a higher sense of belongingness. 相似文献
913.
The Influence of Affect on Goal Choice and Task Performance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present study investigated the influence of mood on self-set goals and task performance. Results from 2 studies suggest a restricted view of mood effects in which affective state influences the level of self-set goals or task performance, but not both. Study 2 reveals asymmetrical mood effects on task performance, with positive- and negative-mood participants exceeding the baseline performance of neutral mood participants. Evidence indicates that goal-setting instructions may alter how individuals interpret motivational implications of mood. Although theory implies an inclusive view in which mood has both direct and indirect (through goal-setting) performance effects, the conflicting influences of affect infusion at different points of the goal-striving process may diminish the likelihood of observing inclusive effects. 相似文献
914.
Mary C. Kernan Courtney Shelton Hunt Donald E. Conlon 《Journal of applied social psychology》2007,37(1):143-162
In the negotiation literature, relatively little attention has been paid to the impact of negotiator goals and expectancy disconfirmations on negotiator behaviors and affective outcomes. We found that negotiators with larger negative expectancy disconfirmations were less satisfied; set lower targets for a subsequent negotiation; and were more likely to settle with the other party in the second negotiation, rather than requiring third-party imposition of a settlement. Those negotiators who settled had more positive feelings and perceptions about the negotiation and set higher targets for a third negotiation. Further, negotiators who experienced repeated high levels of negative expectancy disconfirmation also experienced the greatest decrements in their feelings and perceptions across negotiation episodes. Implications of study findings for future research are discussed. 相似文献
915.
The current project tested a diagnostic approach to selecting interventions to increase patron selection of reusable dinnerware in a cafeteria. An assessment survey, completed by a sample of 43 patrons, suggested that the primary causes of wasteful behavior were (a) environmental arrangement of dinnerware options and (b) competing motivational variables. A functional relation between environmental arrangement and reusable product selection was demonstrated in a reversal design. However, the largest effect occurred as function of a multicomponent intervention involving environmental arrangement, employee involvement, and personal spoken prompts with motivational signs. The results support the use of informant assessments when designing community interventions. 相似文献
916.
The authors examined the relationship between an individual's human capital profile—knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics—and compensation before and after a job loss. The results of this study show that the types of human capital that predicted pre‐job‐loss salary differ from the types that predict reemployment salary. The findings provide guidance for developing human capital profiles that include general as well as specific types of training to enhance marketability following a job loss. 相似文献
917.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) studies have suggested that a model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is characterized by 4 factors is preferable to competing models. However, the composition of these 4 factors has varied across studies, with 1 model splitting avoidance and numbing symptoms (e.g., D. W. King, G. A. Leskin, L. A. King, & F. W. Weathers, 1998) and the other including a dysphoria factor that combines numbing and nonspecific hyperarousal symptoms (L. J. Simms, D. Watson, & B. N. Doebbeling, 2002). Using the PTSD Checklist (F. W. Weathers, B. T. Litz, D. S. Herman, J. A. Huska, & T. M. Keane, 1993) and CFA, the authors compared these models with competing models. A model of PTSD with 4 intercorrelated factors of Intrusions, Avoidance, Dysphoria, and Hyperarousal was found superior among 396 medical patients who screened positive for intimate partner violence (IPV) and 405 women seeking services for IPV. Structural invariance testing indicated that this 4-factor model remains stable across service setting and time. 相似文献
918.
Peter Vitaliano Diana Echeverria Mary Shelkey Jianping Zhang James Scanlan 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(3):177-190
The current study evaluated whether psychological distress (composite of depression, anxiety, vital exhaustion), inflammation
(C-reactive protein, CRP) and cognitive function (Digit Symbol Test, DST) and their changes mediated the relationship between
caregiver status and functional decline. Caregivers for spouses with Alzheimer’s disease were compared to demographically-similar
non-caregiver spouses at study entry (T1), T2 (1 year later), and T3 (2 years after T1). Caregivers had greater functional
impairment, higher distress scores, and poorer DST scores at all points of measurement and also showed functional decline.
Non-caregivers did not demonstrate functional decline. Caregivers declined 85% faster than did non-caregivers. Regressions
showed that after controlling for functional impairment at T1, illness, medication, and health behavior covariates, psychological
distress at T1 and increases in CRP from T1 to T3 mediated the difference in functional decline. Moreover, after DST decline
from T1 to T2 was entered in the model, caregiver status, psychological distress and increases in inflammation all showed
reductions in their predictive importance. These findings suggest psychological distress and increases in inflammation may
help explain why caregivers show greater functional decline than non-caregivers. However, the influences of these psychophysiological
variables may be driven in part by cognitive decline prior to functional decline.
This article is based upon an invited address, “Potential Hazards of Caring for a Loved One with Alzheimer’s Disease” given
by the first author in recognition of the author’s receipt of the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers
2005 Award for Distinguished Achievement in Research. The address was presented at the Annual meeting of the American Psychological
Association, New Orleans, LA., August, 2006. 相似文献
919.
Predicting having a best friend in young children: individual characteristics and friendship features 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study, the authors investigated the characteristics that predict best friend status in young children. One hundred and twenty-four preschool, kindergarten, and first-grade children identified their "best friend" and up to four "other friends" in their class. Teachers completed a questionnaire about each friendship to determine positive and negative features of the relationships. First, the authors used individual characteristics to predict if a child had a best friend. The variables age, gender, and peer acceptance predicted that a child would have a best friend. Second, positive friendship features positively predicted best friendships in analyses of all friendship pairs. Best friendships are meaningful relationships to children even at this young age and offer children more positive experiences than do other friendships. 相似文献
920.
Two studies tested the extent to which trait self-control predicts performance on objective laboratory tests of behavioral self-control. In Study 1, participants attempted to refrain from blinking for a period of 2 minutes. Participants who reported higher trait self-control blinked less often than participants who reported lower trait self-control. In Study 2, participants attempted to tolerate a painful stimulus, and those higher in trait self-control tolerated pain longer than participants lower in trait self-control. These findings indicate that self-reported self-control corresponds moderately well with performance on objective behavioral tests of self-control. The discussion focuses on implications for self-control theory. 相似文献