Formation of associations of colored and flavored food with induced sickness in five avian species

Domestic ducks, geese, pigeons, quail, and chickens were given colored, flavored, or colored and flavored food and then injected with lithium chloride. Each species showed learning of color and taste aversions. Flavor facilitated the formation of color aversions in ducks, geese, and pigeons but not in quail or chickens. Color interfered with the formation of flavor aversions in quail and chickens but not in the other three species. These findings indicate that all birds can probably associate both colored and flavored food with induced sickness and that colored food is more easily associated with induced sickness than is colored water. Moreover, these findings suggest that the capacity to associate colored and flavored food with induced sickness and the interaction between color and flavor in food vary between species. Birds, such as quail and chickens, that eat relatively tasteless food rely more on color than on flavor cues when forming learned food aversions. Birds that can select their food on the basis of taste, such as ducks and geese, rely more on flavor than on color when forming aversions to food. Birds, such as pigeons, that are initially raised on tasty food before switching to predominantly tasteless food show tendencies that are similar to those of ducks and geese.     

Remembering words and how often they occurred in memory-impaired patients

Memory &; Cognition - The recent memory impairments in Korsakoff’s (KD), Huntington’s (HD), and Alzheimer’s (SDAT) diseases are qualitatively different from one another. All...     

Conflits et stratégies suscités par l'innovation

L'auteur examine les raisons des résistances induites par le changement technique en insistant sur la dévalorisation du statut des personnes touchées. Puis il présente la tentative de formalisation des organisations par l'informatique centralisée avant de montrer que l'acceptation de l'innovation passe par une négociation ménageant les objectifs défendus par les utilisateurs. Mais l'exécutant peut aussi s'approprier la technique et l'exploiter pour développer une stratégie de pouvoir. Des exemples sont pris dans des domaines variés: industrie, enseignement, administration, politique, agriculture, secteur médical.
This article examines the reasons of resistances caused by technical change with a special emphasis on status devaluation of persons concerned. The author continues with a discussion of management's attempt to control the work process in introducing centralized computer-based information systems, before arguing that innovation acceptance calls for a negotiation saving user's aims. But workers can also appropriate the technology and exploit it to develop a power strategy. Examples are chosen in a variety of sectors: industry, teaching, administration, politics, agriculture, medicine.     

College-bound students: are we meeting their needs?

This research investigated the relationship of educational level and marital status of parents, number of children in the family, and family stability to the social, emotional, and academic development of college-bound students. Subjects were 52 tenth-grade college-preparatory students from a southern public high school. Data were collected using the Measures of Psychosocial Development (MPD), the School Environment Preference Survey (SEPS), and the Study Attitudes and Methods Survey (SAMS). Results of a multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant differences in autonomy, initiative, ego integrity, guilt, isolation, academic interest, study methods, manipulation, and alientation toward authority. Implications for school personnel are noted.