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991.
The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of degrees of causal contribution for actual events and examine the
way in which it can be formally defined. This should go some way to filling out a gap in the legal and philosophical literature
on causation. By adopting the conception of a cause as a necessary element of a sufficient set (the so-called NESS test) we
show that the concept of degrees of causation can be given clear and even empirical meaning. We then apply a game theoretical
framework to derive a measure of causal contribution. Our favoured measure turns out to be a generalised version of the normalized
Penrose–Banzhaf index of voting power. 相似文献
992.
Several studies have demonstrated that acquired expertise influences aesthetic judgments. In this paradigm we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study aesthetic judgments of visually presented architectural stimuli and control-stimuli (faces) for a group of architects and a group of non-architects. This design allowed us to test whether level of expertise modulates neural activity in brain areas associated with either perceptual processing, memory, or reward processing. We show that experts and non-experts recruit bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and subcallosal cingulate gyrus differentially during aesthetic judgment, even in the absence of behavioural aesthetic rating differences between experts and non-experts. By contrast, activity in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) exhibits a differential response profile compared to OFC and subcallosal cingulate gyrus, suggesting a dissociable role between these regions in the reward processing of expertise. Finally, categorical responses (irrespective of aesthetic ratings) resulted in expertise effects in memory-related areas such as hippocampus and precuneus. These results highlight the fact that expertise not only modulates cognitive processing, but also modulates the response in reward related brain areas. 相似文献
993.
The effects of saccadic bilateral (horizontal) eye movements on memory for a visual event narrative were investigated. In the study phase, participants were exposed to a set of pictures accompanied by a verbal commentary describing the events depicted in the pictures. Next, the participants were asked either misleading or control questions about the depicted event and were then asked to engage in 30s of bilateral vs. vertical vs. no eye movements. Finally, recognition memory was tested using the remember-know procedure. It was found that bilateral eye movements increased true memory for the event, increased recollection, and decreased the magnitude of the misinformation effect. The findings are discussed in terms of source monitoring, dual-process theories of memory and the potential neural foundations of such effects. 相似文献
994.
Richard A. Epstein Neil Jordan Yong Joo Rhee Gary M. McClelland John S. Lyons 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(3):303-311
We studied 9,220 children referred to a comprehensive mental health crisis stabilization program to examine the impact of
caregiver capacity on crisis worker decisions to refer children for intensive community-based treatment as opposed to inpatient
psychiatric hospitalization. Due to the different role of caregivers in the child welfare system, analyses were stratified
by state custody status. Among both groups, there was a significant inverse association between child mental health need and
referral to intensive community-based treatment. For children not in state custody with low mental health need, there was
no difference in the likelihood of referral to intensive community-based treatment across levels of caregiver capacity. However,
for children not in state custody with medium and high mental health needs, those whose caregivers were deficient or severely
deficient were significantly more likely to be referred for intensive community-based treatment than were those who had capable
caregivers. Multivariate analyses demonstrated similar results after controlling for potential confounding variables and confirmed
that caregiver capacity contributes significantly to the logistic model’s classification accuracy. Results suggest further
investigation of the impact of caregiver capacity on mental health crisis worker referral decisions is needed. 相似文献
995.
Translating research evidence into daily practice is a challenging process at the organizational level. Conceptual models
about this process point to the importance of resources for change and environmental influences as two key factors that need
to be addressed in translation efforts. Two organizational case studies focused on improving care for adults with depression
are described that illustrate lessons about translating evidence to practice that may be helpful to others. 相似文献
996.
Martin P Baenziger J Macdonald M Siegler IC Poon LW 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(4):199-208
This study assessed engaged lifestyle activities (e.g., volunteering, traveling, and public speaking) for centenarians of
the Georgia Centenarian Study. A total of 285 centenarians and near-centenarians (i.e., 98 years and older) and their proxy
informants participated in this study. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was assessed for all centenarians, and proxy
informants reported on lifestyle activities and personality traits of the centenarians. Results suggested that participants
who had volunteered, traveled, and those who had given public talks and balanced their checkbooks were more likely to show
relatively high mental status scores (i.e., MMSE > 17). Personality traits were found to be moderators in the relationship
between engaged lifestyle and mental status: Participants with high levels of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness,
and Conscientiousness and with high levels of engaged lifestyle were more likely to show relatively high mental status scores
(i.e., MMSE > 17), whereas participants with low levels of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and
Conscientiousness and with low levels of engaged lifestyle were more likely to show relatively low mental status scores (i.e.,
MMSE < 18). The results suggest that engaged lifestyle, particularly in combination with personality traits, plays an important
role in the level of cognitive functioning among oldest old adults. 相似文献
997.
For evenly spaced stimuli, a purely relative judgment account of unidimensional categorization performance is trivial: All
that is required is knowledge of the size of stimulus difference corresponding to the width of a category. For unevenly spaced
stimuli, long-term knowledge of the category structure is required. In the present article, we will argue that such knowledge
does not necessitate a direct, absolute mapping between (representations of ) stimulus magnitudes and category labels. We
will show that Stewart, Brown, and Chater’s (2005) relative judgment model can account for data from absolute identification
experiments with uneven stimulus spacing. 相似文献
998.
Samuel Shaki Martin H. Fischer William M. Petrusic 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(2):328-331
This study compared the spatial representation of numbers in three groups of adults: Canadians, who read both English words
and Arabic numbers from left to right; Palestinians, who read Arabic words and Arabic-Indic numbers from right to left; and
Israelis, who read Hebrew words from right to left but Arabic numbers from left to right. Canadians associated small numbers
with left and large numbers with right space (the SNARC effect), Palestinians showed the reverse association, and Israelis
had no reliable spatial association for numbers. These results suggest that reading habits for both words and numbers contribute
to the spatial representation of numbers. 相似文献
999.
Scholz U La Marca R Nater UM Aberle I Ehlert U Hornung R Martin M Kliegel M 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2009,91(1):89-92
Acute stress has been found to have negative and implementation intentions (IIs) to have positive effects on cognitive performance. This study was the first to examine the effects of IIs on executive action control under acute psychosocial stress. Forty-two male subjects aged 21-39 years were randomly assigned to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) versus a rest condition. In addition, the instruction to the executive task (a go no-go task) was manipulated (IIs versus standard instruction). After the stress test, a dual-task procedure including a go no-go task was conducted. The TSST resulted in increases in cortisol response, heart rate and state anxiety compared to the rest condition. Acute stress significantly impaired go no-go performance, but only in the group without IIs. We conclude that under acute stress conditions executive functioning is reduced, but the use of IIs can be an effective strategy to overcome this negative effect. 相似文献
1000.