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In a mental rotation task, participants must determine whether two stimuli match when one undergoes a rotation in 3-D space
relative to the other. The key evidence for mental rotation is the finding of a linear increase in response times as objects
are rotated farther apart. This signature increase in response times is also found in recognition of rotated objects, which
has led many theorists to postulate mental rotation as a key transformational procedure in object recognition. We compared
mental rotation and object recognition in tasks that used the same stimuli and presentation conditions and found that, whereas
mental rotation costs increased relatively linearly with rotation, object recognition costs increased only over small rotations.
Taken in conjunction with a recent brain imaging study, this dissociation in behavioral performance suggests that object recognition
is based on matching of image features rather than on 3-D mental transformations. 相似文献
174.
Bishop SJ Cohen JD Fossella J Casey BJ Farah MJ 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(1):62-70
Early studies of genetic effects on brain activity have been conducted to investigate primarily either the influence of polymorphisms
in dopaminergic genes, especially the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, on prefrontal cognitive processes such as working memory, or that of polymorphisms in the
serotonin transporter gene on the amygdala response to threatening stimuli. Here, we address genetic influences on the neural
systems underlying cognitive-affective interactions. Specifically, we assess the effect of the COMT val158met polymorphism on frontal regulation of attention under emotional distraction. Healthy volunteers were scanned while performing
a house-matching task with affectively negative versus neutral distractors. Effects of val allele load were examined on frontal
regions associated with attentional control and emotion regulation, and on parahippocampal regions associated with perception
of houses. As we predicted, val load correlated positively with activity in control- and task-related regions during performance
under emotional distraction. These findings provide an initial step toward identifying genetic contributions to interindividual
variability in recruitment of mechanisms that regulate affective processing. 相似文献
175.
It has been shown in previous work [Action figures and men. Sex Roles 53, 877–885] that male participants who handled extremely muscular action figures had lower body esteem than those who did not handle action figures or a Ken doll. However, the internal mechanisms that dictated this effect are unclear. Therefore, the current study extended this previous work by having male participants handle action figures of varying muscularity and completing a lexical decision task with target words that consisted of both positive and negative body words and feeling words in order to determine if males would be primed to think negatively about their bodies and self or if positive thoughts about their bodies and self would be interfered with. The results show that those participants who handled the extremely muscular action figures responded significantly more slowly to feeling positive words (e.g., content, confident) and marginally more slowly to body positive words (e.g., muscle, bicep) than those who did not handle any action figures. Overall, this suggests that the interference of positive words, not the priming of negative words, is the internal mechanism that produces the decreased body image satisfaction after exposure to muscular stimuli. Implications and future research are discussed. 相似文献
176.
Rock PB Harris MG Yates T 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2006,32(6):1479-1484
A controlled experiment used instrumented vehicles in a real-world driving task to compare D. N. Lee's (1976) tau-dot hypothesis of braking control with an alternative based on the direct estimation and control of ideal deceleration (T. Yates, M. Harris, & P. Rock, 2004). Drivers braked to stop as closely as possible to a visual target from different starting speeds and times-to-contact. The data provided little support for the tau-dot hypothesis, and analysis suggested that braking in the real world is better explained by a direct deceleration strategy. 相似文献
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Gould MS Greenberg T Munfakh JL Kleinman M Lubell K 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2006,36(6):601-613
The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes toward the use of telephone crisis services (hotlines) among 519 adolescents in 9th through 12th grade mandatory health courses in six high schools in New York State. Few adolescents (2.1%) used hotlines and negative attitudes were stronger toward hotlines than they were toward other formal sources of help. The most common reasons for hotline nonuse related to feelings of self-reliance and shame. Objections to hotlines were strongest among students most in need of help by virtue of impaired functioning or feelings of hopelessness. The results underscore needed outreach efforts to youth. 相似文献
180.
Harris JA 《Psychological review》2006,113(3):584-605
This article reviews evidence and theories concerning the nature of stimulus representations in Pavlovian conditioning. It focuses on the elemental approach developed in stimulus sampling theory (R. C. Atkinson & W. K. Estes, 1963; R. R. Bush & F. Mosteller, 1951b) and extended by I. P. L. McLaren and N. J. Mackintosh (2000, 2002) and contrasts this with models that invoke notions of configural representations that uniquely code for different patterns of stimulus inputs (e.g., J. M. Pearce, 1987, 1994; R. A. Rescorla & A. R. Wagner, 1972; A. R. Wagner & S. E. Brandon, 2001). The article then presents a new elemental model that emphasizes interactions between stimulus elements. This model is shown to explain a range of behavioral findings, including those (e.g., negative patterning and biconditional discriminations) traditionally thought to be beyond the explanatory capabilities of elemental models. Moreover, the model offers a ready explanation for recent findings reported by R. A. Rescorla (2000, 2001, 2002b) concerning the way that stimuli with different conditioning histories acquire associative strength when conditioned in compound. 相似文献