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81.
Martens A Kosloff S Greenberg J Landau MJ Schmader T 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(9):1251-1264
Killing appears to perpetuate itself even in the absence of retaliation. This phenomenon may occur in part as a means to justify prior killing and so ease the threat of prior killing. In addition, this effect should arise particularly when a killer perceives similarity to the victims because similarity should exacerbate threat from killing. To examine these ideas, the authors developed a bug-killing paradigm in which they manipulated the degree of initial bug killing in a "practice task" to observe the effects on subsequent self-paced killing during a timed "extermination task." In Studies 1 and 2, for participants reporting some similarity to bugs, inducing greater initial killing led to more subsequent self-paced killing. In Study 3, after greater initial killing, more subsequent self-paced killing led to more favorable affective change. Implications for understanding lethal human violence are discussed. 相似文献
82.
As a stage-based model of learning, the Instructional Hierarchy offers a useful heuristic for organizing research on effective
instructional strategies at different levels of skill proficiency. In this paper, we summarize and highlight the unique contributions
of each empirical study presented in the special issue. We describe common methodological features across the studies that
likely contributed to intervention effectiveness, and present several implications for research and practice. 相似文献
83.
Willem H. J. Martens 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2007,37(2):95-101
In this article the determinants of psychotic disorder and correlated free will is examined. Althought there is empirical
evidence for significant cognitive, emotional and neurobiological correlates of psychosis the precise impact of these abnornalities
on free will is largely unclear. More research is needed into a) the role of free will into psychotic etiology and maintenance
and b) the impact of different categories of psychotic disorder on free will of the patient.
Director of “W. Kahn Institute of Theoretical Psychiatry and Neuroscience” and advisor Psychiatry appointed by the European
Commision (Leonardo da Vinci). 相似文献
84.
Martens K Amarell M Parvez K Hittel K De Caigny P Ito E Lukowiak K 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,88(2):232-242
Repeated spaced training sessions of contingent tactile stimulation to the pneumostome as it opens are required to cause long-term memory (LTM) formation of aerial respiratory behaviour making if difficult to determine exactly when memory forms. We have devised a single-trial aversive operant conditioning training procedure in Lymnaea to be better able to elucidate the causal mechanisms of LTM formation. Observations of baseline breathing behaviour in hypoxia were first made. Twenty-four hours later the snails were trained using the single trial procedure, by placing them in a small Petri dish containing 4 ml of 25 mM KCl for 30-35s as soon as the first pneumostome opening in hypoxia was attempted. LTM was present if (1) breathing behaviour following training was significantly less than before; and (2) breathing behaviour post-training was significantly less in experimental groups than in yoked control groups. LTM persisted for 24 h but not 48 h. Yoked controls that received an aversive stimulus not contingent with pneumostome opening had no evidence of memory. Cooling directly after, but not at any other time, blocks LTM formation. LTM formation was also prevented by removal of the cell body of the neuron RPeD1 before training. 相似文献
85.
Do familiarity and expectations change perception? Drivers’ glances and response to changes 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Marieke H. Martens Micah R.J. Fox 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2007,10(6):476-492
The present study shows that repeated exposure to a road environment changes eye movement behaviour. In addition, repeated exposure may result in inadequate responses to unexpected changes in the road environment. Participants drove a low-cost simulator while their eye movements were recorded. With repeated exposure participants’ glances at traffic signs along the route were shorter while having a better recollection of the traffic signs along the route. At the last drive, the priority situation at an intersection was changed (a priority road was changed into a yield situation). Even though drivers glanced at the sign that indicated the new priority situation, they did not sufficiently process the information to show an adequate response. Only two out of 12 drivers showed any response, being a response only after crossing the priority road markings. The current finding that unexpected but relevant information may be missed by drivers is relevant for other monitoring tasks. 相似文献
86.
Andy Martens Jeff Greenberg Jeff Schimel Spee Kosloff David R. Weise 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(7):1172-1183
Terror management theory research has shown that reminders of mortality tend to decrease liking for people who threaten one's worldview. In research, these worldview threats typically come from outgroup members, but they may also come from ingroup members who are negatively characterized. Presumably the negative characteristics of ingroup members threaten to diminish or undermine the worldview by their association with it. In this research we examine anxious individuals as potentially threatening ingroup members. We hypothesized that a brief contemplation of mortality would lead people to decrease their liking for anxious individuals associated with their ingroup. Study 1 showed that a mortality reminder led people to react more negatively to an anxious police liaison from their community, but not to a calm police liaison. Study 2 showed that a mortality reminder led people who strongly identified with university students to react more negatively to a fellow university student who was anxious, but not to a student who did not display anxiety. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
87.
Martens U Leuthold H Schweinberger SR 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(4):505-522
In the present study, behavioral and electrophysiological markers of information processing—the lateralized readiness potential,
the N170, and the P300—were recorded in order to assess the functional and temporal organization of facial identity and expression
processing. A two-choice go/no-go task was used in which facial expression (happy vs. angry) determined response hand and
response execution depended on facial familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar). The duration of facial identity and expression
processing was manipulated in separate experiments. Together, the present findings in measures of overt and covert response
activation indicate that facial identity is analyzed in parallel with, and typically somewhat faster than, facial expression.
These data support a parallel model of face perception that assumes partial output from facial identity and expression processes
to motor activation processes. 相似文献
88.
89.
Scott P. Ardoin Brian K. Martens Laurie A. Wolfe 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1999,32(3):339-351
Making efficient transitions from one instructional activity to another has been shown to increase academic learning time and therefore student achievement. Because compliance with teacher instructions is a prerequisite for efficient transitions, we sought to determine if high-probability (high-p) instruction sequences issued by a classroom teacher would increase student compliance and decrease latency to comply during transitions. Three children in a regular second-grade classroom participated. Each day at the beginning of morning calendar time, the teacher issued five instructions to the class as a group while compliance data were recorded for the 3 target students. Following baseline, a multielement design was used to examine the effects of the high-p instruction sequence. We then systematically faded the number of instructions included in the high-p sequence as a means of transferring stimulus control to low-probability instructions. The procedure was effective for 2 of the 3 participants, and the results were maintained at 2-and 3-week follow-up. The implications of these findings for group applications of the high-p instruction sequence in regular education classrooms are discussed. 相似文献
90.
Many studies have revealed the top-down modulation (spatial attention, attentional load, etc.) on unconscious processing. However, there is little research about how category-selective attention could modulate the unconscious processing. In the present study, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the results showed that category-selective attention modulated unconscious face/tool processing in the middle occipital gyrus (MOG). Interestingly, MOG effects were of opposed direction for face and tool processes. During unconscious face processing, activation in MOG decreased under the face-selective attention compared with tool-selective attention. This result was in line with the predictive coding theory. During unconscious tool processing, however, activation in MOG increased under the tool-selective attention compared with face-selective attention. The different effects might be ascribed to an interaction between top-down category-selective processes and bottom-up processes in the partial awareness level as proposed by Kouider, De Gardelle, Sackur, and Dupoux (2010). Specifically, we suppose an “excessive activation” hypothesis. 相似文献