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201.
This pilot study explored the psychological impact of a 2-month intervention with the Jesus Prayer among a sample taken from a community of middle-aged Catholics in Spain. The study collected quantitative data on psychological symptoms with the Revised Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90-R) and on personality traits with the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) at three different times: baseline, post-intervention, and 5 months after the 2-month intervention. It also collected quantitative data on transient mood states with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before and after a 25-min intervention with the Jesus Prayer, plus data on adherence 2 years after the inquiry. Statistical analysis found lower scores on Interpersonal Sensitivity (p = .009) and Phobic Anxiety (p = .03) psychological symptoms after the 2-month intervention. Analyses of data also found lower scores and strong effect sizes on Tension (p = .03, d = 1.029) and Fatigue (p = .001, d = 1.390) after a 25-min intervention. The 2-year follow up found that one third of the final sample had completely adhered to a daily practice of the Jesus Prayer. Overall results indicate that the Jesus Prayer may be a relevant practice among Catholics both for well-being and spiritual purposes. 相似文献
202.
Marta Heckel 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2017,25(1):3-21
In this paper, I will look at two passages from the discussion of education in Book VII of Plato’s Republic: 523b-524d and 537e-539d. These passages, when taken together, present a puzzle for the coherency of the educational programme Socrates describes. Both discuss contradiction. One says that contradiction is educationally edifying, the other, that it is corrupting. This sounds like a contradiction about contradiction. As far as I know, no one has noticed this puzzle before. By the end of this paper, I hope to have not only provided a solution to the apparent contradiction about contradiction that is compelling, but also one that shows that this puzzle, which might at first have seemed restricted to a textual issue about the educational programme in the Republic, is in fact one that has far reaching implications for a range of Plato’s theories across several dialogues. Along with education, corruption, and contradiction, I will discuss Plato’s theory of psychology, and his theory of forms. 相似文献
203.
Deception, the use of false signals to modify the behaviour of the receiver, occurs in low frequencies even in stable signalling systems. For example, it can be advantageous for subordinate individuals to deceive in competitive situations. We investigated in a three-way choice task whether dogs are able to mislead a human competitor, i.e. if they are capable of tactical deception. During training, dogs experienced the role of their owner, as always being cooperative, and two unfamiliar humans, one acting ‘cooperatively’ by giving food and the other being ‘competitive’ and keeping the food for themselves. During the test, the dog had the options to lead one of these partners to one of the three potential food locations: one contained a favoured food item, the other a non-preferred food item and the third remained empty. After having led one of the partners, the dog always had the possibility of leading its cooperative owner to one of the food locations. Therefore, a dog would have a direct benefit from misleading the competitive partner since it would then get another chance to receive the preferred food from the owner. On the first test day, the dogs led the cooperative partner to the preferred food box more often than expected by chance and more often than the competitive partner. On the second day, they even led the competitive partner less often to the preferred food than expected by chance and more often to the empty box than the cooperative partner. These results show that dogs distinguished between the cooperative and the competitive partner, and indicate the flexibility of dogs to adjust their behaviour and that they are able to use tactical deception. 相似文献
204.
Marta Bolognani Marta Bivand Erdal 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2017,18(1):353-367
The political climate on immigration and diversity in various European societies has previously been analysed in relation to media representations, policy regimes and public opinion. This paper focuses more narrowly on how political climates affect migrant and post-migrant generations, as inhabitants of these European societies. We focus on the impact of ambivalence resulting from perceived lack of recognition as full citizens in European societies among migrants and their descendants. Ambivalence in relation to experiences of particular traits of the political climate is further connected with ideas about mobility—how migrants and descendants may think about return migration—what we discuss in terms of ‘return imaginaries’. Culture, ideology and representations are seen as significant for contemporary politics, not only with expressive but also with formative roles. With this perspective, the analysis explores three politically heated areas of debate: about immigration control, about social cohesion and integration agendas and about terrorist attacks. These three areas were inductively selected, drawing on analysis of qualitative data collected among Pakistani origin migrants and descendants in Norway and the UK. The two countries of residence are purposefully chosen because they in different ways reflect political climates affected by the rise of xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe. 相似文献
205.
This study examined relations between depressive symptoms and health outcomes among 79 patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation. Results showed cross‐sectional negative associations between depressive symptoms and cardiac symptom appraisals at the beginning (Time 1) and end (Time 2) of rehabilitation. No longitudinal effects of depressive symptoms on cardiovascular functioning were found. Results also showed that improvements in depressive symptoms from Time 1 to Time 2 were related to improvements in cardiac symptom appraisals from Time 1 to Time 2. These results support the deleterious effects of depression on cardiovascular functioning. Findings such as these may help to understand the processes by which proximal health outcomes are affected by cardiac rehabilitation, thereby elucidating mechanisms linking depression to long‐term cardiovascular health. 相似文献
206.
In this paper, we introduce a parent report questionnaire that assesses three different domains of early prosocial behaviour, namely helping, comforting and sharing. Participants were 202 German mothers with children at the ages of 18 and 30 months. Results showed that a three-factor model (representing the three domains of prosocial behaviour) fitted the data more accurately than a single-factor model. Longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis revealed configural and metric invariance of the three-factor model over measurement occasions and, furthermore, analysis of the factor variances and covariances yielded equivalent structural relations between factors across age. These findings legitimize the use of the questionnaire for mean comparison analysis and longitudinal change assessments. 相似文献
207.
Marta?GozziEmail author Paolo?Cherubini Costanza?Papagno Emanuela?Bricolo 《Psychological research》2011,75(3):188-201
Previous studies found mixed results concerning the role of working memory (WM) in the gambling task (GT). Here, we aimed
at reconciling inconsistencies by showing that the standard version of the task can be solved using intuitive strategies operating
automatically, while more complex versions require analytic strategies drawing on executive functions. In Study 1, where good
performance on the GT could be achieved using intuitive strategies, participants performed well both with and without a concurrent
WM load. In Study 2, where analytical strategies were required to solve a more complex version of the GT, participants without
WM load performed well, while participants with WM load performed poorly. In Study 3, where the complexity of the GT was further
increased, participants in both conditions performed poorly. In addition to the standard performance measure, we used participants’
subjective expected utility, showing that it differs from the standard measure in some important aspects. 相似文献
208.
Pivots for pointing: visually-monitored pointing has higher arm elevations than pointing blindfolded
Wnuczko M Kennedy JM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2011,37(5):1485-1491
Observers pointing to a target viewed directly may elevate their fingertip close to the line of sight. However, pointing blindfolded, after viewing the target, they may pivot lower, from the shoulder, aligning the arm with the target as if reaching to the target. Indeed, in Experiment 1 participants elevated their arms more in visually monitored than blindfolded pointing. In Experiment 2, pointing to a visible target they elevated a short pointer more than a long one, raising its tip to the line of sight. In Experiment 3, the Experimenter aligned the participant's arm with the target. Participants judged they were pointing below a visually monitored target. In Experiment 4, participants viewing another person pointing, eyes-open or eyes-closed, judged the target was aligned with the pointing arm. In Experiment 5, participants viewed their arm and the target via a mirror and posed their arm so that it was aligned with the target. Arm elevation was higher in pointing directly. 相似文献
209.
Empirical and Theoretical Conclusions of an Analysis of Outcomes of HIV-Prevention Interventions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dolores Albarracín Marta R. Durantini Allison Earl 《Current directions in psychological science》2006,15(2):73-78
ABSTRACT— Over two decades of HIV-prevention attempts have generated a most impressive ecological data set for the test of behavioral-change and persuasion theories in the domain of condom use. An analysis of this evidence has yielded five important empirical and theoretical conclusions. First, interventions are more successful at achieving immediate knowledge and motivational change than they are at achieving immediate behavioral change. Second, the immediate motivational change decays over time, whereas behavior change increases over the same period. Third, interventions that engage audiences in particular activities, such as role-playing condom use, are more effective than presentations of materials to passive audiences. Fourth, interventions consistent with the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior, with self-efficacy models, and with information-motivation and behavioral-skills models prove effective, whereas interventions designed to induce fear do not. Fifth, expert intervention facilitators are more effective than lay community members in almost all cases. When populations are unempowered, expert facilitators are particularly effective, and they are most effective if they also share the gender and ethnicity of the target audience. 相似文献
210.
This research investigates how contextual factors affect unethicality assessment of products. The research is conducted in the context of gifts and compares interpersonal gifts (IGs) and self-gifts (SGs) by examining individuals’ reactions in front of unethical gifts. Five experiments investigate how individuals assess product unethicality differently, depending on the source of the gift, being the Self or a gifter. This research employs attribution theory to explain the differences between IGs and SGs and identify psychological distance as a boundary condition for the effect. 相似文献