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951.
Since modernity, the concept of subject supposes both an anthropocentric and a dualistic view of life and reality. In this study, we carry out an analytic interpretation of the Descartes’ notion of subject, in order to build a different dimension of the concept of subject. We discuss the activity of computing, as the manner by which the living subject relates with and in-forms the world. We further examine computing in the aging yeast as an example of living subject and we try to comprehend the maturity of the subjectivity in Descartes’ res cogitans and in our proposed res computans. 相似文献
952.
An experiment was conducted using a human instrumental learning task with the goal of evaluating the mechanisms underlying the deleterious effect of context-switching on responding to an unambiguous stimulus when contexts are informative to solve the task. Participants were trained in a context-based reversal discrimination in which two discriminative stimuli (X and Y) interchange their meaning across contexts A and B. In context A, discriminative stimulus Z consistently announced that the relationship between a specific instrumental response (RI) and a specific outcome (O1) was in effect. Performance in the presence of stimulus Z was equally deteriorated when the test was conducted outside the training context, regardless of whether the test context was familiar (context B) or new (context C). This result is consistent with the idea that participants code all the information presented in an informative context as context-specific with the context playing a role akin to an occasion setter. 相似文献
953.
Martín Plot 《Continental Philosophy Review》2012,45(2):235-259
Although Merleau-Ponty??s early phenomenology of perception and his essays on art, politics, and language already showed an affinity between the aesthetic phenomena of expression and style and the political and cultural dynamics of society at large, this paper specifically focuses on his late theorizing of the notion of flesh and its relevance to his late understanding of politics and democracy. The emergence of flesh as a concept was contemporary to Merleau-Ponty??s break with Marxism as a philosophical model and with revolutionary dialectics as a political project. It is by showing that such a break was consistently grounded on his theorizing of the being flesh of both the body and of society that this paper shows Merleau-Ponty??s unique contribution to democratic theory and to contemporary political philosophy. In the course of this analysis, it will become clear that in philosophically breaking with the position of a ??no that is a yes????i.e. the model of the revolution, which implies a total negation of the given that becomes a total affirmation of the new order (dictatorship) once in power??he would politically embrace the Weberian ??heroic liberalism????or his ??non-communist left????of parliamentary democracy. 相似文献
954.
Algarabel S Fuentes M Escudero J Pitarque A Peset V Mazón JF Meléndez JC 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2012,19(5):608-619
ABSTRACT There is no agreement on the pattern of recognition memory deficits characteristic of patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Whereas lower performance in recollection is the hallmark of MCI, there is a strong controversy about possible deficits in familiarity estimates when using recognition memory tasks. The aim of this research is to shed light on the pattern of responding in recollection and familiarity in MCI. Five groups of participants were tested. The main participant samples were those formed by two MCI groups differing in age and an Alzheimer's disease group (AD), which were compared with two control groups. Whereas one of the control groups served to assess the performance of the MCI and AD people, the other one, composed of young healthy participants, served the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of the experimental tasks used in the evaluation of the different components of recognition memory. We used an associative recognition task as a direct index of recollection and a choice task on a pair of stimuli, one of which was perceptually similar to those studied in the associative recognition phase, as an index of familiarity. Our results indicate that recollection decreases with age and neurological status, and familiarity remains stable in the elderly control sample but it is deficient in MCI. This research shows that a unique encoding situation generated deficits in recollective and familiarity mechanisms in mild cognitive impaired individuals, providing evidence for the existence of deficits in both retrieval processes in recognition memory in a MCI stage. 相似文献
955.
Cunillera T Fuentemilla L Periañez J Marco-Pallarès J Krämer UM Càmara E Münte TF Rodríguez-Fornells A 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(1):16-33
In this study, we sought to dissociate event-related potentials (ERPs) and the oscillatory activity associated with signals
indicating feedback about performance (outcome-based behavioral adjustment) and the signals indicating the need to change
or maintain a task set (rule-based behavioral adjustment). With this purpose in mind, we noninvasively recorded electroencephalographic
signals, using a modified version of the Wisconsin card sorting task, in which feedback processing and task switching could
be studied separately. A similar late positive component was observed for the switch and correct feedback signals on the first
trials of a series, but feedback-related negativity was observed only for incorrect feedback. Moreover, whereas theta power
showed a significant increase after a switch cue and after the first positive feedback of a new series, a selective frontal
beta–gamma increase was observed exclusively in the first positive feedback (i.e., after the selection of the new rule). Importantly,
for the switch cue, beta–alpha activity was suppressed rather than increased. This clear dissociation between the cue and
feedback stimuli in task switching emphasizes the need to accurately study brain oscillatory activity to disentangle the role
of different cognitive control processes. 相似文献
956.
957.
According to the Cognitive reserve hypothesis, several factors related to mental engagement, such as level of education, type
of occupation, leisure activities and social network, appear to affect the risk of developing clinical dementia. The present
article provides an overview of the studies that have investigated the effects of mental engagement and cognitive stimulation
specifically on dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (AD). Mental training and cognitive stimulation interventions in AD have
been shown to be useful in increasing patients’ ability in performing activities of daily living (ADL), allowing them to maintain
relative independence. Since cognitive engagement and stimulation are known to modify the brain processes to perform tasks,
by recruiting alternative and more efficient networks, this review is especially focused on cognitive rehabilitation in AD
patients, which has been shown to improve their global functioning and cognition. This perspective stresses the idea that
cognitive reserve is not a fixed factor, but can be continuously modified by life experiences, even when the brain is already
affected by neuropathology. 相似文献
958.
Moreno-Domínguez S Rodríguez-Ruiz S Fernández-Santaella MC Jansen A Tuschen-Caffier B 《Body image》2012,9(2):285-288
While effectiveness of mirror exposure to reduce body dissatisfaction has been demonstrated, the exposure was almost always combined with other interventions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a pure mirror exposure intervention compared with a guided mirror exposure (participants are guided to describe their body shape in a non-evaluative manner) and an imagery exposure intervention (participants are guided to describe their body through mental representation). Thirty-one women with high body dissatisfaction received five sessions of treatment under one of the three conditions. All interventions reduced body dissatisfaction, but only the mirror exposures successfully reduced the frequency of negative thoughts and feelings of ugliness. Pure mirror exposure was more effective than guided exposure for reducing body discomfort within and between sessions. Pure mirror exposure, based on the traditional extinction paradigm, led to strong emotional activation followed by a fast decrease in emotional reactivity. 相似文献
959.
Fraga I Piñeiro A Acuña-Fariña C Redondo J García-Orza J 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2012,65(9):1740-1759
We report three sentence completion experiments in which we manipulate the emotional dimension of the nouns in a complex noun phrase (NP) that precedes a relative clause (RC), as in the classic ambiguity in Someone shot the servant of the actress who was on the balcony. The aim was to see whether nouns such as orgy or genocide affect the well-established preference of Spanish to adjoin the relative clause high in the tree (to servant instead of actress in the example above). We manipulated the valence and arousal of the lexical entities residing in the NP. Our results indicate that (a) the inclusion of either pleasant or unpleasant words induces changes in the usual NP1 preference found in Spanish; (b) the effects of high-arousal words are especially clear, in that they pull RC adjunction towards the NP where they are located, be it the NP1 or the NP2; and (c) in the context of sentence production, these kinds of words seem intense enough to promote changes in (and even reverse) a solid syntactic bias. We discuss these findings in the light of existing theories of syntactic ambiguity resolution. 相似文献
960.