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61.
The role of imagery in encoding event-based prospective memories has yet to be fully clarified. Herein, it is argued that imagery augments a cue-to-context association that supports event-based prospective memory performance. By this account, imagery encoding not only improves prospective memory performance but also reduces interference to intention-related information that occurs outside of context. In the current study, when lure words occurred outside of the appropriate responding context, the use of imagery encoding strategies resulted in less interference when compared with a standard event-based intention condition. This difference was eliminated when participants were not given a specific context to associate their intention (i.e., lures occurred within the appropriate responding context). These results support a cue-to-context association account of how imagery operates in certain event-based prospective memory tasks. 相似文献
62.
Landmark use has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms, yet the manner in which landmarks are encoded and subsequently
used appears to vary between and sometimes within species, even when faced with identical landmark arrays. In the present
experiments, orangutans and human children were shown a square array of identical landmarks and were trained to locate a hidden
goal in the centre of the array. In Experiments 1 and 2, the search space appeared to be discrete, with white gridlines dividing
up the space, and in Experiments 3a and 3b, the search space was uniformly coloured, making it appear continuous. In all experiments,
following training, subjects were given a single expansion test, to determine their landmark strategy use, based on peak search
activity. The orangutans appeared to use absolute directional vectors from individual landmarks, with peak search activities
on the inner corners of the square array, and they used this strategy persistently. In contrast, human children showed two
landmark-based strategies, absolute directional vectors and a relational or “middle” strategy, with the majority of children
starting their search in the middle region. Although some children, especially young children, persistently used one strategy
like the orangutans, many changed strategies when the original one failed to yield the hidden goal. 相似文献
63.
Implementation intentions are detailed and systematic plans that are developed during intention formation. We compared two
different implementation intentions to standard event-based prospective memory instructions using three different kinds of
intentions. Two of these intentions involved nonfocal cues whereas the remaining intention was about specific, focal cues.
Implementation intentions dramatically increased detection performance for the nonfocal intentions. Because the exact cues
could not be specified during intention formation, we argue that cue salience and that strengthening the cue to target action
association are not very viable mechanisms to explain all instances of the beneficial consequences of forming implementation
intentions. 相似文献
64.
Stacy Lopresti‐Goodman Rachel W. Kallen Michael J. Richardson Kerry L. Marsh Lucy Johnston 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(4):557-570
The reported study measured the ratio between aperture‐width and hip‐width that marked the critical transition from frontal walking to body rotation for male and female participants. Half of the participants of each sex wore form‐fitting lycra clothes and half loose‐fitting jogging suits. Participants wearing the form‐fitting clothing reported heightened body awareness relative to those wearing the loose‐fitting clothing. For male participants this difference was reflected in a smaller aperture‐to‐hip ratio in the form‐fitting than loose‐fitting clothing condition. That is, males walked frontally through smaller apertures when wearing form‐fitting than when wearing loose‐fitting clothing. For females there was no difference in walking action as a function of clothing style. Results are discussed in terms of the perception of action opportunities in the environment, the influence of body awareness on such perception and sex differences. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
65.
Robert W. Isenhower Michael J. Richardson Claudia Carello Reuben M. Baron Kerry L. Marsh 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(3):342-347
Understanding the physical and interpersonal constraints that afford cooperation during real-world tasks requires consideration
of the fit between the environment and task-relevant dimensions of coactors and the coactors’ fit with each other. In the
present study, we examined how cooperation can emerge during ongoing interaction using the simple task of two actors’ moving
long wooden planks. The system dynamics showed hysteresis: A past-action mode persisted when both solo and joint actions were
possible. Moreover, pairs whose arm spans were both short, both long, or mismatched made action-mode transitions at similar
points, when scaled by a relational measure. The relational measure of plank length to arm span was dictated by the pair member
with the shorter arm span, who, thus, had a greater need to cooperate during the task. The results suggest that understanding
affordances for cooperation requires giving more consideration to constraints imposed by the fit between coactors’ action
capabilities. 相似文献
66.
Marsh JE Vachon F Jones DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(1):243-248
Typically, the phonological similarity between to-be-recalled items and TBI auditory stimuli has no impact if recall in serial order is required. However, in the present study, the authors have shown that the free recall, but not serial recall, of lists of phonologically related to-be-remembered items was disrupted by an irrelevant sound stream (end rhymes) sharing similar phonological content. These findings can be explained by the notion that between-sequence phonological similarity effects emerge when category-cueing processes become an important determinant for recall, such as when shared category information can be used as a retrieval aid to cue list items or plausible list candidates. In this case, the presence of categorically similar irrelevant items impairs the retrieval of list items and leads to intrusion error. Implications of these results for theories of auditory distraction are discussed. 相似文献
67.
68.
Retelling Is Not the Same as Recalling: Implications for Memory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elizabeth J. Marsh 《Current directions in psychological science》2007,16(1):16-20
ABSTRACT— In contrast to laboratory free recall (which emphasizes detailed and accurate remembering), conversational retellings depend upon the speaker's goals, the audience, and the social context more generally. Because memories are frequently retrieved in social contexts, retellings of events are often incomplete or distorted, with consequences for later memory. Selective rehearsal contributes to the memory effects, as does the schema activated during retelling. Retellings can be linked to memory errors observed in domains such as eyewitness testimony and flashbulb memories; in all of these situations, people retell events rather than engage in verbatim remembering. 相似文献
69.
Childhood obesity is increasingly prevalent in Western and non-Western societies. The authors related multiple dimensions of physical self-concept to body composition for 763 Chinese children aged 8 to 15 and compared the results with Western research. Compared with Western research, gender differences favoring boys were generally much smaller for physical self-concept and body image. Objective and subjective indexes of body fat were negatively related to many components of physical self-concept, but--in contrast to Western research--were unrelated to global self-esteem and slightly positively related to health self-concept. In support of discrepancy theory, actual-ideal discrepancies in body image were related to physical self-concept. However, consistent with the Chinese cultural value of moderation, and in contrast to Western results, being too thin relative to personal ideals was almost as detrimental as being too fat. The results reflect stronger Chinese cultural values of moderation and acceptance of obesity than in Western culture and have implications for social and educational policy in China. 相似文献
70.