Vision and proprioception in simple catching

Articular proprioception is normally considered to provide accurate information about limb position, particularly in ball skills in which the eyes are be occupied with tracking the ball. If this is so, then preventing sight of the catching hand without interfering with visual tracking of the ball should affect the accuracy of catching. The experiment reported here indicates that is not the case. Catching is much less accurate if the hand cannot be seen. The errors made are in positioning of the catching hand, which frequently does not contact the ball. In addition, subjects showed larger changes in the felt length arms after catching without sight of the hand than did those who could hand while catching. Visual information about the position of the hand for catching, and this may be because the proprioceptive system is by vision.     

阅读预期对快速阅读理解的影响的实验研究

探讨阅读预期对快速阅读的理解水平与进程的影响。实验１探讨阅读预期对快速阅读理解水平的影响。阅读文章前分别给予被试正确、中性与误导的标题提示,结果表明,不同类型的标题提示对快速阅读的理解成绩有显著的影响,而对正常速度阅读的理解成绩影响效果不显著。实验２探讨阅读预期对快速阅读过程的词句加工程度的影响。结果表明,对优生来说,正确标题提示组发现文章中锗字的成绩显著低于误导标题提示组,差生的不同标题提示组发现错字的成绩差异不显著。两个实验的结果初步表明,快速阅读文章过程会更多地利用概念推动,较少地需要材料信息。     

Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The purpose of this study was to examine two executive control processes — response inhibition and re-engagement of responses after inhibition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thirty-three children with ADHD and 22 normal control children of similar age (7 to 11 years) and mean IQ (107) were tested with the change paradigm. ADHD subgroups were defined by the context in which the ADHD symptoms predominated (in the home only; at school only; and in both, i.e., pervasive ADHD). Children with marked oppositional defiant or conduct disorder were excluded. Children with ADHD exhibited deficits in inhibitory control and in response re-engagement. Deficits were greatest in pervasive ADHD and, to a lesser extent, in those with ADHD limited to the school context. ADHD limited to the home context showed the least deficit. These results replicate an earlier study that found deficient inhibitory control in pervasive ADHD and demonstrate that the deficit in ADHD involves a second aspect of executive control.We are grateful to Anne Rhodes and Isobelle Williams for their assistance in the conduct of this research. This research was supported by grants from Health and Welfare Canada and the Medical Research Council of Canada. This paper was prepared with the assistance of Medical Publications, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.     

Sex role orientation and power motivation as expressed in female sharing behavior

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of power motivation and sex role orientation on sharing behavior in females. One hundred and thirty female college students were administered the dominance scale from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the AS Reaction Study, and the Bern Sex Role Inventory. Scores from the three scales were used to screen subjects according to their level of power motivation and sex role orientation. On the basis of the screening procedure, 40 female subjects were placed in one of four experimental conditions resulting from a factorial combination of power (high or low) and sex role orientation (androgynous or traditional). Then a behavioral measure (i.e. feedback in variation of the Mastermind game) of sharing was recorded. The results showed that sex role orientation affected the frequency of sharing behavior in the power game. However, power motivation per se, as measured by the personality inventories, failed to influence sharing behavior. These results compare favorably with previous findings which have indicated that females exhibit sex role bias in the expression of power motivation.     

Using the family life cycle with later life families

The development of a family clinic for later life families within an Old Age Psychiatry service is briefly described. An extended life cycle model has been found useful in understanding and working with such families and is also described, together with two cases which illustrate the practical application of the model.     

Ethical Considerations for the Treatment of Youth in Foster Care

Mental health clinicians treating youth in foster care face several ethical challenges, such as competence for treating youth in foster care, understanding who can provide informed consent, and confidentiality. However, few articles have addressed these ethical concerns or provided recommendations for clinicians on how to navigate these issues. This article presents a brief summary of the foster care system, an overview of the major ethical challenges clinicians may encounter when treating youth in foster care, areas of the American Psychological Association’s Ethics Code, Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, and American Counseling Association Code of Ethics most germane to the treatment of youth in foster care, and general recommendations for clinicians treating this population.