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491.
The aim of this investigation was to examine whether sleep-related beliefs, and reductions in such beliefs and attitudes, were related to clinical improvements in sleep and daytime symptoms after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In total, 64 patients with a short history of insomnia (3-12 months) who had participated in a randomized controlled trial with a 1-year follow-up and received CBT were included. With stepwise multiple regression analyses, sleep-related beliefs were linked to clinical improvements in sleep (five outcomes) and daytime symptoms (seven outcomes). Results indicated that sleep-related beliefs played a small predictive role in clinical improvements in sleep and daytime symptoms after CBT group treatment. Sleep-related beliefs were predictive of treatment response only with regard to sleep efficiency and sleepiness. Reductions in sleep-related beliefs were, however, differently related to improvements in sleep and daytime symptoms. Reductions in such beliefs were consistently linked to improvements in daytime symptoms (7-14% of the variance) but not to sleep improvements (except for sleep quality). In all, this might suggest that sleep-related beliefs play a slightly different role in insomnia than previously envisioned. 相似文献
492.
493.
Grouping operations offer an effective mechanism by which to structure complex visual scenes. Among the various principles that support element integration, closure may be regarded as a main factor in shape extraction. In five experiments, we investigated the impact of grouping by closure on search for target configurations made up of collinearly arranged corner junctions. Systematic variations in the configuration of distractor elements were explored to investigate how the figural information of distractors interferes with target detection. The results showed no search interference for distractor configurations that were open forms. By contrast, distractors making up closed forms reduced the efficiency of search performance, indicating closure as a major contributor to form detection in multielement configurations. In conclusion, the effects reported may be considered to arise from mechanisms of unit formation that support the rapid extraction of salient regions to guide search. 相似文献
494.
Changing viewpoints during dynamic events 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The connection of various viewpoints of a visual dynamic scene can be realised in different ways. We examined if various presentation modes influence scene recognition and cognitive representation type. In the learning phase, participants saw clips of basketball scenes from (a) a single, unvaried viewpoint, or with a change of viewpoint during the scene, whereby the connection was realised (b) by an abrupt cut, or (c) by a continuous camera move. In the test phase, participants had to recognise video stills presenting basketball scenes from the same or differing viewpoints. As expected, cuts led to lower recognition accuracy than a fixed unvaried viewpoint, whereas this was not the case for moves. However, the kind of connection between two viewpoints had no influence on the viewpoint dependence of the cognitive representation. Additionally, it was found that the amount of viewpoint deviation seemed to influence the overall conservativeness of participants' reactions. 相似文献
495.
496.
de Bruijn ER Schubotz RI Ullsperger M 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):278-285
Recent experiments have demonstrated that error-related negativity (ERN) is not only elicited when people commit errors, but
also when they observe others committing errors. The present study investigates whether this observed ERN is also present
when participants observe execution errors in an everyday context. Participants observed short sequences of pictures showing
steps of everyday actions ending either erroneously or correctly. Participants were instructed to indicate by a delayed response
whether the observed action was correctly executed or not. The results showed a large P300 for execution errors compared with
the observation of correct sequences, but no ERN activity was found. The present experiment indicates that the detection of
execution errors in observation does not rely on the error processing mechanism responsible for generating the ERN. The increased
P300 amplitudes suggest a more general monitoring process that signals that the occurrence of unexpected events is involved
in the detection of execution errors. 相似文献
497.
Keil A Bradley MM Junghöfer M Russmann T Lowenthal W Lang PJ 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(1):18-24
The P3 component of the event-related potential (ERP) to an acoustic startle probe is modulated during picture viewing, with
reduced P3 amplitude when participants view either pleasant or unpleasant, as opposed to neutral, pictures. We have interpreted
this as reflecting capture of attentional resources by affective pictures, with fewer resources available for processing the
secondary startle probe. In the present study, we tested this resource allocation hypothesis by presenting either pictures
or sounds as foreground stimuli, with the prediction that P3 amplitude in response to secondary startle probes would be reduced
for affectively engaging foregrounds regardless of modality. Using dense-array electroencephalography and a source estimation
procedure, we observed that P3 amplitude was indeed smaller when startle probes were presented during emotional, as opposed
to neutral, stimuli for both sound and picture foregrounds. Source modeling indicated a common frontocentral maximum of P3
modulation by affect. The data support the notion that emotionally arousing stimuli transmodally attract resources, leading
to optimized processing of the affective stimuli at the cost of the processing of concurrent stimuli. 相似文献
498.
Many recent studies have demonstrated the influence of sublexical frequency measures on language processing, or called for controlling sublexical measures when selecting stimulus material for psycholinguistic studies (Aichert & Ziegler, 2005). The present study discusses which measures should be controlled for in what kind of study, and presents orthographic and phonological syllable, dual unit (bigram and biphoneme) and single unit (letter and phoneme) type and token frequency measures derived from the lemma and word form corpora of the CELEX lexical database (Baayen, Piepenbrock, & Gulikers, 1995). Additionally, we present the SUBLEX software as an adaptive tool for calculating sublexical frequency measures and discuss possible future applications. The measures and the software can be downloaded at www.psychonomic.org. 相似文献
499.
There is evidence that face processing is capacity-limited in distractor interference tasks and in tasks requiring overt recognition memory. We examined whether capacity limits for faces can be observed with a more sensitive measure of visual processing, by measuring repetition priming of flanker faces that were presented alongside a face or a nonface target. In Experiment 1, we found identity priming for face flankers, by measuring repetition priming across a change in image, during task-relevant nonface processing, but not during the processing of a concurrently-presented face target. Experiment 2 showed perceptual priming of the flanker faces, across identical images at prime and test, when they were presented alongside a face target. In a third Experiment, all of these effects were replicated by measuring identity priming and perceptual priming within the same task. Overall, these results imply that face processing is capacity limited, such that only a single face can be identified at one time. Merely attending to a target face appears sufficient to trigger these capacity limits, thereby extinguishing identification of a second face in the display, although our results demonstrate that the additional face remains at least subject to superficial image processing. 相似文献
500.