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201.
Markus Schrenk 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2017,48(3):469-483
The better best system account, short BBSA, is a variation on Lewis’s theory of laws. The difference to the latter is that the BBSA suggests that best system analyses can be executed for any fixed set of properties (instead of perfectly natural properties only). This affords the possibility to launch system analyses separately for the set of biological properties yielding the set of biological laws, chemical properties yielding chemical laws, and so on for the other special sciences. As such, the BBSA remains silent about possible interrelations between these freestanding sets of laws. In this paper, I explicate an emergence relation between them which preserves the autonomy or novelty of each special science’s laws but also shows their dependence: the autonomy of each level’s generalisations is given because nomicity is conferred to them system intrinsic, their dependence is established via their supervenience on lower level laws. As will be shown, the autonomy of special science laws is further strengthened by their ceteris paribus character. 相似文献
202.
Kateryna Savelieva Laura Pulkki-Råback Markus Jokela Mirka Hintsanen Päivi Merjonen Nina Hutri-Kähönen Markus Juonala Jorma Viikari Olli Raitakari Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen 《Journal of child and family studies》2017,26(8):2191-2201
Intergenerational continuity in parenting quality has been demonstrated but the mechanisms underlying this continuity are less understood. This study investigated whether the offspring personality and years of education mediate the continuity in qualities of the parent–child relationship and whether offspring personality moderates this association. The sample comprised 1308 Finnish offspring (G2; 62% female) and their mothers (G1). G1 (Mean age?=?37.7) reported self-perceived qualities of the parent–child relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 aged 3–18 years in 1980. Thirty-two years later, once having become parents themselves, G2 (Mean age?=?42.9) self-rated their own qualities of the parent–child relationship towards their children using the same scales. Between these follow-ups, G2 self-rated their personality (consisting of temperament and character traits) using the Temperament and Character Inventory and reported years of education. Results indicated that G2 character traits—Self-directedness and Cooperativeness—partially mediated the intergenerational continuity in self-perceived emotional warmth and explained 16% of this association. No mediating role of G2 temperament traits was found (all ps?>?.240). Character traits accounted for the indirect association better than education in a multiple mediator model. Moreover, no moderating role of either temperament or character traits was found (all ps?≥?.064). Study findings show that warm and accepting qualities of the parent–child relationship in childhood are related to offspring character traits that reflect personality maturity in adulthood, which in turn would predict their own positive parent–child relationship later in life. 相似文献
203.
204.
Johansson A Santtila P Corander J Jern P Pahlen BV Varjonen M Sandnabba K 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2011,52(4):382-388
Controlling anger in self-reported sober and alcohol intoxicated states: Moderating effects of trait anger and alcohol consumption. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 382-388. Retrospective self-reports about prior sober and alcohol intoxicated states were explored to reveal moderating effects of trait anger and alcohol consumption on anger control. The analyses were based on self-reports of trait anger and alcohol consumption as well as self-reports of the participants' typical levels of anger control in sober and alcohol intoxicated states in a population based sample of Finnish twins and their siblings (N = 4,852). The reported levels of anger control were lower regarding prior alcohol intoxicated states than sober states. A three-way interaction between alcohol consumption, trait anger and anger control was found. Whereas no interaction between alcohol consumption and trait anger was found in the self-reported sober state, there was an interactive effect of trait anger and alcohol consumption on anger control in the intoxicated state, indicating that the difference in anger control between those with high levels of alcohol consumption and those with low levels, was greater at higher levels of trait anger. Women had lower levels of anger control than men, but the relationship between trait anger, alcohol consumption and anger control was similar for both genders. In conclusion, the results showed that those with high levels of trait anger and alcohol consumption showed the lowest levels of anger control in self-reported alcohol intoxicated states, and indicate the importance of separating between anger control when sober and intoxicated since anger control seems to be differently related to at least trait anger and alcohol consumption in these states. 相似文献
205.
Markus Koppensteiner 《Journal of research in personality》2011,45(4):358-363
People often ascribe intentions and personalities to simple motion cues. Two experiments were conducted to examine how variations in motion quality, such as amplitude and frequency, influence a simple stimulus’ ratings on different aspects of personality. In experiment one participants were asked to adjust the motion behavior of a computer animated ball according to different items, which were based on the five factor model of personality. In experiment two participants had to assign the ‘correct’ personality to stimuli that were based on data of experiment one. Recognition rate was high for most personality traits, but there were also some misidentifications. Results suggest that simple features of motion partly influence social perception and human communication. 相似文献
206.
Generally, the accessibility of goal-related constructs is inhibited upon goal fulfillment. In line with this notion, the current studies explored whether violent computer games may reduce relative accessibility of aggression if the game involves the fulfillment of an aggressive goal. Specifically, in Study 1, participants who watched a trailer for a violent computer game that fulfilled the goal of venting anger showed less relative accessibility of aggression compared to participants who watched the trailer without goal fulfillment. In Study 2, actually playing a violent computer game to vent anger also decreased the relative accessibility of aggression compared to a control condition in which the game was played without such a goal. Lastly, in Study 3, the relative accessibility of aggression was reduced after playing a violent computer game for participants who reported a high general tendency to vent their anger. 相似文献
207.
Anu-Katriina Pesonen Katri Räikkönen Eero KajantieKati Heinonen Markus HenrikssonJukka Leskinen Clive OsmondTom Forsén David J.P. BarkerJohan G. Eriksson 《Intelligence》2011,39(5):335
We examined the effects of early life stress (ELS) on intellectual ability in 2,725 20-year-old male participants, of whom 321 were separated temporarily (mean 1.7 years) from both their parents during World War II, at an average age of 4.3 years. Intellectual ability was tested when entering compulsory military service. The separated men had − 0.28 (95% CI − 0.39, − 0.16), − 0.13 (95% CI − 0.25, − 0.01), − 0.18 (95% CI − 0.29, − 0.06), and − 0.19 (95% CI − 0.30, − 0.07) SD units lower verbal, visuospatial, arithmetic, and composite score of intellectual ability, respectively, compared to non-separated. Participants who were separated for more than a year and between two and four years had the lowest ability scores. ELS showed most consistent associations with verbal ability, but were not limited to it. Children beyond infancy and before their school-age may be the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of the ELS. 相似文献
208.
In contrast to previous findings, this study demonstrates that 11-month-old infants are able to learn the relationship between object material and object weight when exploring different objects that provided a systematic covariation of both object features. This guides their action in a subsequent preferential-reaching task. 相似文献
209.
Dr. med. Markus Binswanger 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2011,27(4):339-348
For the past 100 years Bleuler??s ambivalence terminology has been applied to many aspects of the psychiatric treatment of patients, particularly in the realm of diagnostics and therapy. It has, however, been adopted in an approach mainly limited to psychopathological phenomena. This article discusses whether advanced concepts of ambivalence can facilitate the analysis of current challenges and problems of institutional psychiatry, placing them in a new light. It describes a wide range of psychiatry-specific ambivalence experiences by investigating the field of activity of individual therapists as well as of interdisciplinary therapeutic teams. Particular attention is given to an ambivalence-oriented perspective of clinic management taking uncertainty and complexity into consideration. In such different contexts modern ambivalence concepts give way to a psychodynamic understanding of clinical areas of conflict, thus extending the possibilities of multimodal therapy. When dealing with complex leadership and planning tasks, sensibility and tolerance towards ambivalence phenomena and conflicts prove to be unusual but valuable problem solving resources. 相似文献
210.
In all contemporary societies, photo-identity documents are used routinely for person identification, but this process is surprisingly fallible. Here we show that this problem is not limited to the identification of specific photographs of a person, but transcends three identity cards of the same person with different images. These identity cards varied substantially from each other in how well they could be recognised but identification rates were generally poor. We also present a potential solution to this problem by demonstrating that person identification can be improved when several photographs of the same person are made available. 相似文献