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21.
Previous research suggests that members of East Asian cultures show a greater preference for dialectical thinking and sensitivity to context information than do Westerners. We suggest this difference is rooted in a greater chronic Fear of Isolation (FOI) in East Asians than in Westerners. To support this hypothesis, we manipulated FOI in a group of Westerners and assessed their relative preference for dialectical proverbs and sensitivity to context. For cross-cultural validation of our hypothesis, we assessed the relationship between chronic levels of FOI and dialectical reasoning in Koreans. Consistent with our proposal, both experimentally primed FOI (Experiment 1A and 2) and chronic levels of FOI (Experiment 1B) were positively related to relative preference for dialectical proverbs. This effect was independent of participants’ level of negative mood (Experiment 2). A third experiment showed that sensitivity to context was affected by FOI in a manner consistent with previous studies of cultural differences (Experiment 3). 相似文献
22.
Sarah W Whitton P Antonio Olmos-Gallo Scott M Stanley Lydia M Prado Galena H Kline Michelle St Peters Howard J Markman 《Journal of family psychology》2007,21(2):297-306
The authors proposed a model of depressive symptoms in early marriage in which relationship confidence, defined as perceived couple-level efficacy to manage conflicts and maintain a healthy relationship, mediates the effect of negative marital interactions on depressive symptoms. The model was tested in a sample of 139 couples assessed prior to marriage and 1 year later. As predicted, relationship confidence demonstrated simple negative associations with negative marital interaction and depressive symptoms for all participants. Longitudinal path analyses supported the mediational model for women only. In women but not men, negative marital interaction indirectly had an impact on depressive symptoms through the mediator of relationship confidence. Findings suggest that relationship confidence may be important to understanding links between marital distress and depressive symptoms, especially in women. 相似文献
23.
Research on analogical retrieval suggests that cues with object similarity to a prior episode in memory lead to better retrieval
than do cues with relational similarity. We suggest that previous work may have underestimated the effectiveness of relational
cues, because this work has presented cues and targets in written format. There is some evidence that spoken presentations
lead to better memory than do written presentations. We tested this hypothesis using a continuous reminding paradigm in which
people read and recalled proverbs that were presented either in spoken or written format. The spoken format led to better
retrieval from relational cues, particularly at longer lags between cue and memory item. 相似文献
24.
This article examines the interface between motivation and choice. In category learning, a regulatory fit has been shown to
increase exploration of alternative response strategies even when exploration is suboptimal. In the present study, promotion-
and prevention-focused subjects performed a choice task that required them to choose from one of two decks of cards on each
trial. They either gained or lost points with each draw. In Experiment 1, optimal performance required an exploratory response
pattern that entailed sampling from a deck that initially appeared disadvantageous but ultimately became advantageous. In
Experiment 2, optimal performance required an exploitative response pattern. A softmax action selection model that includes
an exploitation parameter was applied to each subject’s data from both experiments and revealed greater exploration of alternative
strategies for people with a regulatory fit. This response strategy was optimal in Experiment 1 and led to superior performance,
but was suboptimal in Experiment 2 and led to inferior performance. 相似文献
25.
A. Ross Otto Todd M. Gureckis Arthur B. Markman Bradley C. Love 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):957-963
Research on dynamic decision-making tasks, in which the payoffs associated with each choice vary with participants’ recent
choice history, shows that humans have difficulty making long-term optimal choices in the presence of attractive immediate
rewards. However, a number of recent studies have shown that simple cues providing information about the underlying state
of the task environment may facilitate optimal responding. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which this state knowledge
influences choice behavior. We examined the possibility that participants use state information in conjunction with changing
payoffs to extrapolate payoffs in future states. We found support for this hypothesis in an experiment in which generalizations
based on this state information worked to the benefit or detriment of task performance, depending on the task’s payoff structure. 相似文献
26.
Darrell A. Worthy Arthur B. Markman W. Todd Maddox 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(2):344-349
Previous research (Markman, Maddox, & Worthy, 2006) suggests that pressure leads to choking when one is learning to classify
items on the basis of an explicit rule, but it leads to excelling when one is learning to classify items on the basis of an
implicit strategy. In this article, we relate social pressure to regulatory focus theory. We propose that the effects of pressure
on performance arise because pressure induces a prevention focus that interacts with the more local reward structure of the
task. To test this hypothesis, we repeated previous research, but using a losses reward structure, so that participants under
pressure were in a regulatory fit. We also successfully replicated previous results by using a gains reward structure. In
contrast with participants who attempted to maximize gains on each trial, participants who attempted to minimize losses choked
on the implicit-learning task but excelled on the explicit-learning task. The results suggest a three-way interaction between
pressure level, task type, and reward structure. 相似文献
27.
Markman KD Lindberg MJ Kray LJ Galinsky AD 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(3):312-324
In the present research, the authors hypothesized that additive counterfactual thinking mind-sets, activated by adding new antecedent elements to reconstruct reality, promote an expansive processing style that broadens conceptual attention and facilitates performance on creative generation tasks, whereas subtractive counter-factual thinking mind-sets, activated by removing antecedent elements to reconstruct reality, promote a relational processing style that enhances tendencies to consider relationships and associations and facilitates performance on analytical problem-solving tasks. A reanalysis of a published data set suggested that the counterfactual mind-set primes previously used in the literature tend to evoke subtractive counterfactuals. Studies 1 and 2 then demonstrated that subtractive counterfactual mind-sets enhanced performance on analytical problem-solving tasks relative to additive counterfactual mind-sets, whereas Studies 3 and 4 found that additive counterfactual mind-sets enhanced performance on creative generation tasks relative to subtractive counterfactual mind-sets. 相似文献
28.
The present research examines psychological momentum (PM), a perceived force that lay intuition suggests influences performance. PM theory is proposed to account for how momentum perceptions arise, and four studies demonstrate the influence of lay intuitions about PM on expectations regarding performance outcomes. Study 1 establishes that individuals share intuitions about the types of events that precipitate PM, and Study 2 finds that defeating a rival increases momentum perceptions. Study 3 provides evidence for the lay belief that as more PM accumulates during a prior task, there should be more residual momentum left to carry over to a subsequent task, and Study 4 finds that an individual whose PM is interrupted is expected to have greater difficulty completing a task than is an individual whose steady progress is interrupted. Discussion focuses on linkages between PM and related constructs. 相似文献
29.
Arthur B. Markman 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》1996,3(2):227-230
Similarity is a central construct in models of cognitive processing, and as such has been the focus of psychological inquiry. This work has revealed that similarity and difference judgments are not always inverses. One explanation for this effect is that similarity judgments focus on matching relations between the items, while difference judgments focus on the mismatching attributes. A second explanation is that both similarity and difference judgments involve a process of structural alignment, and that they use the output of this process differently. These views are contrasted by using the one-shot mapping technique that places attribute similarity and relational similarity in competition. The results suggest that similarity and difference judgments both involve structural alignment. 相似文献
30.