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101.
Markman AB Maddox WT 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2003,29(1):107-117
Most classification research focuses on cases in which each abstract feature has the same surface manifestation whenever it is presented. Previous research finds that people have difficulty learning to classify when each abstract feature has multiple surface manifestations. These studies created multiple manifestations by varying aspects of the stimuli irrelevant to the abstract feature dimension. In this article, multiple manifestations were created by varying aspects of the stimuli relevant to the abstract feature dimension. People given categories with the family resemblance category structure often used in psychology experiments had difficulty learning to classify when multiple manifestations were present, even though the variation was relevant. This effect was reversed when a family resemblance structure with nondiagnostic values was used. 相似文献
102.
Category use and category learning 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
Categorization models based on laboratory research focus on a narrower range of explanatory constructs than appears necessary for explaining the structure of natural categories. This mismatch is caused by the reliance on classification as the basis of laboratory studies. Category representations are formed in the process of interacting with category members. Thus, laboratory studies must explore a range of category uses. The authors review the effects of a variety of category uses on category learning. First, there is an extensive discussion contrasting classification with a predictive inference task that is formally equivalent to classification but leads to a very different pattern of learning. Then, research on the effects of problem solving, communication, and combining inference and classification is reviewed. 相似文献
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In defense of representation 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The computational paradigm, which has dominated psychology and artificial intelligence since the cognitive revolution, has been a source of intense debate. Recently, several cognitive scientists have argued against this paradigm, not by objecting to computation, but rather by objecting to the notion of representation. Our analysis of these objections reveals that it is not the notion of representation per se that is causing the problem, but rather specific properties of representations as they are used in various psychological theories. Our analysis suggests that all theorists accept the idea that cognitive processing involves internal information-carrying states that mediate cognitive processing. These mediating states are a superordinate category of representations. We discuss five properties that can be added to mediating states and examine their importance in various cognitive models. Finally, three methodological lessons are drawn from our analysis and discussion. 相似文献
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Alexander A. Manning William Goble Robert Markman Thomas Labreche 《Brain and language》1977,4(2):309-321
Groups of deaf subjects, exposed to tachistoscopic bilateral presentation of English words and American Sign Language (ASL) signs, showed weaker right visual half-field (VHF) superiority for words than hearing comparison groups with both a free-recall and matching response. Deaf subjects showed better, though nonsignificant, recognition of left VHF signs with bilateral presentation of signs but shifted to superior right VHF response to signs when word-sign combinations were presented. Cognitive strategies and hemispheric specialization for ASL are discussed as possible factors affecting half-field asymmetry. 相似文献
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Beatriz Markman Reubins 《International Forum of Psychoanalysis》2017,26(1):38-42
AbstractThe goal of this paper is to emphasize the early consequences of pre-Oedipal maternal deprivation, addressing the theories and techniques of the pioneers of child psychoanalysis. Even when these theories differ in their understanding and conceptualization of child psychopathology, their common denominator is that they believe in the importance of the infant’s early experiences of life and the necessary physical and emotional constancy of the mother–infant dyad. This paper approaches the different theories using three clinical vignettes. Through the synthesis of the psychoanalytic therapeutic process of a four-year-old boy, we can see how the conflicts and symptoms evolved and resolved in the course of five years of treatment, during which the boy’s behavior and productivity changed, allowing the treatment to come to an end. This boy was able to work through his traumatic separation experience in analysis, and to develop more mature defense mechanisms that led him toward a better adjustment to his environment. We can conclude that the early interruption of maternal care led to serious symptoms in this child’s behavior and mental organization. If these difficulties had not been addressed in time, the symptoms would have gone on to become severe. 相似文献
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