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931.
Mark Knights 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2012,46(4):584-598
The article confronts methodological differences between (and among) social psychologists and historians about how far the social psychologist should be interested only in contemporary or very recent history and how far general conclusions can be drawn about human behaviour across time and space. The article suggests that social psychology need not be present-centric and might take different forms of a ??historical turn??. In turn, it is suggested, historians can benefit from approaches developed by social psychologists. Seven possible points of connection with the discipline of history are put forward in the hope of fostering future collaborations. These are: the nature of modernity; collective memory and the uses of the past; political discourse and ideologies; partisanship; the public sphere; stereotypes; and languages and images. Indeed, just as they can encourage closer collaboration between historians and social psychologists, these themes might also open a wider inter-disciplinary discussion with anthropologists, sociologists, literary scholars, art historians and scholars of political discourse. 相似文献
932.
Maguire R Maguire P Keane MT 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(1):176-186
Surprise is often defined in terms of disconfirmed expectations, whereby the surprisingness of an event is thought to be dependent on the degree to which it contrasts with a more likely, or expected, outcome. The authors investigated the alternative hypothesis that surprise is more accurately modeled as a manifestation of an ongoing sense-making process. In a series of experiments, participants were given a number of scenarios and rated surprise and probability for various hypothetical outcomes that either confirmed or disconfirmed an expectation. Experiment 1 demonstrated that representational specificity influences the relationship that holds between surprise and probability ratings. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the inclusion of an enabling event lowers surprise ratings for disconfirming outcomes. Experiment 3 explored the reason for this effect, revealing that enabling events lower surprise by reducing uncertainty, thus enhancing ease of integration. Experiment 4 evaluated the contrast hypothesis directly, showing that differences in contrast are not correlated with differences in surprise. These results provide converging support for the view that the level of surprise experienced for an event is related to the difficulty of integrating that event with an existing representation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
933.
This study hypothesizes that women are less likely than men to use suicide methods that disfigure the face. Gender differences in the use of suicide methods that disfigure the face were examined using medical examiner??s files of 621 suicides covering a 10-year period from Summit County, Ohio in the U.S. Results showed that while firearms are the preferred method for both women and men, women were less likely to shoot themselves in the head. A series of logistic regression analyses revealed that gender, age, stressful life events and prior suicide attempts were predictors of methods that disfigure the face/head. Significant differences between men and women in correlates of suicide method emerged when the sample was split by gender. The results support the position that women who commit suicide are more likely than men who commit suicide to avoid facial disfiguration. 相似文献
934.
Mark W. Wiggins 《Applied cognitive psychology》2011,25(2):229-235
This study examined pilots' vigilance during an extended general aviation flight as measured by their capacity to exercise control over the aircraft during a planned flight. Thirty‐one qualified pilots flew a flight simulator from Wagga Wagga to Bankstown, Sydney, a distance of 207 nautical miles. The flight comprised five separate legs, although three legs were subjected to analysis. On the basis of attentional resource theory, it was hypothesised that task performance would differ based on the requirement for memory retrieval. Consistent with the hypothesis, the results revealed a deterioration in those tasks for which there was a substantial requirement for memory retrieval. Further analysis revealed that the deterioration in performance was best predicted by pilots' perception of the workload associated with the flight and their perception of their ability to exercise control over aircraft during normal conditions. The implications are discussed in terms of system design and training. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
935.
Keeping or losing the best workers can be critical to whether an organization can maintain a competitive advantage and whether
operations in the organization run smoothly and efficiently. Simply stated, if the best workers are not retained, an organization
can be negatively affected from the operational to the strategic level. This article focuses on employee retention from the
perspective of a customer-based model. This approach considers employees as internal customers of management and the model
provides organizations ways to influence whether employees decide to stay or go. Additionally, the model distinguishes retention
practices based upon the value of employees to the organization. Measurement and application issues are identified along with
directions for future research. 相似文献
936.
H. Kristl Davison Catherine Maraist Mark N. Bing 《Journal of business and psychology》2011,26(2):153-159
The Internet has changed many Human Resource (HR) practices, and techniques such as online job postings and testing have become
quite common in HR. However, the use of social networking websites such as Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, and Twitter for recruiting,
hiring, or terminating individuals is relatively new, but their use for these purposes is clearly growing while research on
these practices is lacking. Many questions about using these sites for HR practice have yet to be addressed, including questions
about the validity and usefulness of information obtained on these sites, applicant perceptions of employers’ use of these
sites, and the legality of using these sites, among others. The current study describes issues associated with using social
networking websites for recruiting, staffing/selection, and discipline/termination, and provides recommendations for future
research studies in this area. 相似文献
937.
Elman (2009) proposed that the traditional role of the mental lexicon in language processing can largely be replaced by a theoretical model of schematic event knowledge founded on dynamic context-dependent variables. We evaluate Elman's approach and propose an alternative view, based on dual coding theory and evidence that modality-specific cognitive representations contribute strongly to word meaning and language performance across diverse contexts which also have effects predictable from dual coding theory. 相似文献
938.
Research has not examined whether higher rates of parole denial among inmates with mental illness (MI) are the result of the increased presence of criminal risk factors among this population. Employing a representative sample of inmates with (n = 219) and without (n = 184) MI receiving parole release decisions in 2007, this study tested whether the central eight risk factors for recidivism considered in parole release decisions intervened in the relationship between MI and parole release. MI was associated with possession of a substance use disorder, antisocial personality disorder and violent charges while incarcerated; however, these factors were not related to release decisions. MI was found to have neither a direct nor an indirect effect on release decisions. While results indicate that release decisions appear, to some extent, to be evidence-based, they also suggest considerable discretion is being implemented by parole board members in release decisions above and beyond consideration of criminal risk factors. 相似文献
939.
940.
Jessica L. Riley Brian C. McKevitt Mark D. Shriver Keith D. Allen 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2011,20(3):149-162
The effectiveness of fixed-time delivery of attention to increase the on-task behavior of 2 students in general education
was examined. The teacher in this study provided attention to students on a 5-min fixed-time schedule and responded to students
in her typical manner between cued intervals. An ABAB withdrawal design was used to test the effects of the intervention.
The results of this study indicate that a fixed-time schedule of attention was effective in increasing students’ on-task behavior
and decreasing their off-task behavior. Implications of the study for research and practice are discussed. 相似文献