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951.
Reference repulsion is a mechanism posited to explain systematic biases of direction judgment of single drifting dot displays (Rauber and Treue, 1998 Perception 27 393-402). Rauber and Treue obtained systematic but, surprisingly, very different effects depending upon whether standard and comparison stimuli were presented simultaneously or successively. Successive effects were described as exhibiting repulsion from both vertical and horizontal cardinal axes, whereas simultaneous effects showed repulsion from horizontal only. We contend that the proposed mechanism makes no testable predictions because the so-called reference can only be specified a posteriori, a fact acknowledged by Rauber and Treue. We attempted to replicate Rauber and Treue's experiments, but we obtained no systematic biases of direction judgment. Comparisons across several studies suggest that errors in direction judgments of single drifting dot patterns vary widely in magnitude and direction, as might be expected with what are essentially baseline or pretest measures. In our view, reference repulsion describes neither a real perceptual mechanism nor a predictable pattern of direction misjudgments. 相似文献
952.
This study addresses self-categorization theory's contention that stereotype content varies as a function of the comparative context within which a given group is considered. A sample of 5-, 7- and 10-year-old children (n = 192) made judgments about gender ingroup behavior in one of two comparative contexts: either adults of the same sex as self or children of the opposite sex. Specifically, judgments were either of the perceived stereotypicality or central tendency of 12 types of behavior. Both types of judgment were found to differ as a function of comparative context in ways predicted by self-categorization theory. However, contrary to prediction, there was no effect of age on the extent of stereotype variability. 相似文献
953.
Mark Textor 《Ratio》2008,21(3):344-359
Nelson Goodman and, following him, Catherine Z. Elgin and Keith Lehrer have claimed that sometimes a sample is a symbol that stands for the property it is a sample of. The relation between the sample and the property it stands for is called ‘exemplification’ (Goodman, Elgin) or ‘exemplarisation’ (Lehrer). Goodman and Lehrer argue that the notion of exemplification sheds light on central problems in aesthetics and the philosophy of mind. However, while there seems to be a phenomenon to be captured, Goodman's account of exemplification has several flaws. In this paper I will offer an alternative account of exemplification that is inspired by Grice's idea that one can communicate something by providing one's audience with intention‐independent evidence and letting them draw the obvious conclusion for themselves. This explication of exemplification will solve the problems that arose for Goodman's theory in the spirit of his approach. 1 相似文献
954.
Peter Mark Ainsworth 《Synthese》2008,162(2):157-165
The past hypothesis is that the entropy of the universe was very low in the distant past. It is put forward to explain the
entropic arrow of time but it has been suggested (e.g. [Penrose, R. (1989a). The emperor’s new mind. London:Vintage Books; Penrose, R. (1989b). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 571, 249–264; Price, H. (1995). In S. F. Savitt (Ed.), Times’s arrows today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Price, H. (1996). Time’s arrow and Archimedes’ point. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Price, H. (2004). In C. Hitchcock (Ed.), Contemporary debates in philosophy of science. Oxford: Blackwell]) that it is itself in need of explanation. It has also been suggested that cosmic inflation could provide
the explanation, but Price (2004) raises a serious objection to this suggestion, which has otherwise received very little
attention in the philosophical literature. Price points out that the standard inflationary explanation involves a double standard:
although the evolution of the universe described by the inflationary model seems natural from the standard temporal perspective
it looks highly unnatural from the reversed temporal perspective. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a novel form
of the inflationary explanation that avoids this objection. It is argued that the inflationary model would not involve a double
standard (but would still explain the past hypothesis) if we construct the model with a global “boundary” condition instead
of a conventional boundary condition: if we assume that the universe is as generic as possible overall, rather than as generic
as possible at some given point (e.g. the Big Bang) as is assumed in the standard inflationary model. This novel form of the
inflationary explanation is then compared with Price’s 1996 preferred explanation, a version of the so-called “Weyl hypothesis”. 相似文献
955.
Mark Day 《Philosophia》2008,36(4):417-427
The approach that philosophers have taken to history has too often been one-dimensional. It is my aim in this paper to map
out a future multi-dimensional philosophy of history, by invoking the notion of a relation with the past, and by arguing for
the philosophical relevance of multiple such relations.
相似文献
Mark DayEmail: |
956.
Wells R Ward AJ Feinberg M Alexander JA 《American journal of community psychology》2008,42(1-2):94-104
The purpose of this study was to identify potential opportunities for improving member participation in community-based coalitions. We hypothesized that opportunities for influence and process competence would each foster higher levels of individual member participation. We tested these hypotheses in a sample of 818 members within 79 youth-oriented coalitions. Opportunities for influence were measured as members' perceptions of an inclusive board leadership style and members' reported committee roles. Coalition process competence was measured through member perceptions of strategic board directedness and meeting effectiveness. Members reported three types of participation within meetings as well as how much time they devoted to coalition business beyond meetings. Generalized linear models accommodated clustering of individuals within coalitions. Opportunities for influence were associated with individuals' participation both within and beyond meetings. Coalition process competence was not associated with participation. These results suggest that leadership inclusivity rather than process competence may best facilitate member participation. 相似文献
957.
The current study investigates two recently identified threats to the construct validity of behavioral inhibition as a core
deficit of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the stop-signal task: calculation of mean reaction time
from go-trials presented adjacent to intermittent stop-trials, and non-reporting of the stop-signal delay metric. Children
with ADHD (n = 12) and typically developing (TD) children (n = 11) were administered the standard stop-signal task and three variant stop-signal conditions. These included a no-tone
condition administered without the presentation of an auditory tone; an ignore-tone condition that presented a neutral (i.e.,
not associated with stopping) auditory tone; and a second ignore-tone condition that presented a neutral auditory tone after
the tone had been previously paired with stopping. Children with ADHD exhibited significantly slower and more variable reaction
times to go-stimuli, and slower stop-signal reaction times relative to TD controls. Stop-signal delay was not significantly
different between groups, and both groups’ go-trial reaction times slowed following meaningful tones. Collectively, these
findings corroborate recent meta-analyses and indicate that previous findings of stop-signal performance deficits in ADHD
reflect slower and more variable responding to visually presented stimuli and concurrent processing of a second stimulus,
rather than deficits of motor behavioral inhibition. 相似文献
958.
Response Style Differences in the Inattentive and Combined Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Derefinko KJ Adams ZW Milich R Fillmore MT Lorch EP Lynam DR 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(5):745-758
This study examined potential differences between the inattentive and combined ADHD subtypes using laboratory tasks assessing behavioral inhibitory processes. Seventy-five children completed two tasks of behavioral inhibition believed to isolate different processes: the cued reaction time task (CRT), a basic inhibition task, and the go/no-go task (GNG), a complex inhibition task that incorporates motivational contingencies. Three groups of participants were identified, including ADHD/Inattentive (n = 17), ADHD/Combined (n = 37), and comparison (n = 21). Results indicated that rather than showing behavioral inhibition deficits, the ADHD/I children appeared overly inhibited, as evidenced by slower reaction times across the two tasks and significantly higher errors of omission in the GNG task. Additionally, the ADHD/I children did not demonstrate cue dependency effects on the CRT task, suggesting that they were failing to incorporate relevant information before making a response. The sluggish and inhibited performance of the ADHD/I group challenges the idea that it is a subtype of ADHD. 相似文献
959.
960.