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981.
This investigation tested for gender effects in conflict behaviors by examining the ratings made by the bosses, peers, and subordinates of over 2,000 working adults participating in leadership development programs conducted in the U.S.; the effects of two confounding factors—age and organizational status—were controlled in all analyses. Consistent with predictions derived from a gender role analysis, women were rated as significantly more likely to engage in almost every constructive behavior. Also as predicted, men were rated as more likely to engage in active destructive behaviors. Rater gender had no effect for peers and subordinates, but female bosses made more positive ratings of targets than male bosses. In general, bosses rated targets somewhat higher on passive responses. 相似文献
982.
Electrophysiological and functional neuroimaging evidence points to the existence of neural populations that respond strongly and selectively to the appearance of the human body and its parts. However, the relationship between ERP and fMRI markers of these populations remains unclear. Here we used a previously identified functional dissociation between two body-selective regions identified with fMRI (extrastriate body area or EBA; fusiform body area or FBA) in order to better understand the source of a body-selective N1 ERP component. Specifically, we compared the magnitude of the N1 elicited by images of fingers, hands, arms and bodies to that obtained for hierarchically-matched control stimuli. We found close agreement between the pattern of body-part selectivity exhibited by N1, and the pattern of BOLD selectivity elicited in a previous study by the same type of stimuli in EBA (in contrast to FBA). We interpret these findings as evidence for EBA as the primary generator of the body-selective N1 component. Our results are an example of the use of functional criteria to distinguish among the possible neural sources of ERP markers. 相似文献
983.
The current investigation examined the relationship of ethnic identity, acculturation, and psychological functioning among 334 Chinese, Japanese, and Korean American participants. Multiple regression analyses revealed that ethnic identity and acculturation differentially predicted well‐being on the basis of ethnic group membership. Results also indicated that a bicultural worldview was positively associated with psychological well‐being. Implications for counseling and recommendations for future research are discussed. 相似文献
984.
We address some concerns related to the use of post-trial attribution judgments, originally developed for artificial grammar learning (AGL), during the version of the serial reaction time (SRT) task used by Fu, Dienes, and Fu (2010). In particular, intuition attributions, which are central to Fu et al.’s arguments, seem problematic: This attribution is likely to be made when stimuli contain several competing sources of information to which subjective feelings could be attributed. The interpretation of intuition attributions in Fu et al.’s SRT generation task is problematic because the procedure involved a 2-element sequence where items varied only in position. In our view, responses categorised as intuitions might have been a variety of guess response where neither judgement knowledge nor structural knowledge were conscious. The results would then be compatible with previous findings showing that people can control the use of unconscious structural knowledge even when judgement knowledge is unconscious. 相似文献
985.
Sarah M. Chilenski Mark T. Greenberg Mark E. Feinberg 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2010,20(1):57-71
This study tested the feasibility and utility of developing a multiple‐method and multiple‐reporter measure that describes the community substance use environment. Data on community‐level norms and availability of substances were reported by 5261 students and 181 prevention‐focused community leaders (CL) involved in the 28 promoting school–university–community partnerships to enhance resilience (PROSPER) Project communities between 2002 and 2005. Additionally, locations of alcohol and tobacco outlets were geocoded. Initially, these four subscales were aggregated to measure the community substance use environment. Analyses demonstrated this measure was associated with community rates of adolescent reported cigarette use, but it was not associated with community rates of adolescent reported alcohol use. Further analyses tested the relative strength of the four different subscales in predicting rates of student use. Implications of these results for the field of community‐based prevention are discussed, as well as limitations and future directions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
986.
Art therapy in groups with incarcerated individuals may be effective when participants are defensive and possess limited education. The authors provide procedures, techniques, and case examples from the New Beginnings program for working with women in a detention facility. 相似文献
987.
We examined whether Iranian American adolescents’ perceptions of parental support, parental knowledge, and parental psychological
control relate to general self-efficacy directly, and indirectly through positive esteem and self-deprecation. To investigate
this, self-report surveys were collected from 158 Iranian American adolescents attending Iranian American youth groups, Armenian
private school, and one public school. Results indicated that positive esteem, self-deprecation, mother and father knowledge,
and mother and father psychological control were directly related to general self-efficacy. Furthermore, the parenting variables
were indirectly related to general self-efficacy through either positive esteem or self-deprecation. 相似文献
988.
Mohammad Khodayarifard Thomas M. Brinthaupt Mark H. Anshel 《Social Psychology of Education》2010,13(3):351-365
This study examined the relationships among student academic performance and child’s and parents’ attributional styles. One
hundred seventy-nine students (87 boys and 92 girls) who were enrolled in primary public schools in New South Wales, Australia,
and their parents volunteered to participate in the study. Only English-speaking, two-parent families were included. Participants
completed age-appropriate attributional style questionnaires. Academic performance was obtained from student records of course
grades. The results indicated that both mothers’ and fathers’ attributions for their own positive and negative life events
were related to their children’s attributions for their academic performance. We present implications of these results for
research on attributions and academic performance. 相似文献
989.
Mark S. Gilzenrat Sander Nieuwenhuis Marieke Jepma Jonathan D. Cohen 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(2):252-269
An important dimension of cognitive control is the adaptive regulation of the balance between exploitation (pursuing known
sources of reward) and exploration (seeking new ones) in response to changes in task utility. Recent studies have suggested
that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system may play an important role in this function and that pupil diameter can be
used to index locus coeruleus activity. On the basis of this, we reasoned that pupil diameter may correlate closely with control
state and associated changes in behavior. Specifically, we predicted that increases in baseline pupil diameter would be associated
with decreases in task utility and disengagement from the task (exploration), whereas reduced baseline diameter (but increases
in task-evoked dilations) would be associated with task engagement (exploitation). Findings in three experiments were consistent
with these predictions, suggesting that pupillometry may be useful as an index of both control state and, indirectly, locus
coeruleus function. 相似文献
990.
Ryan T. Howell Katrina S. Rodzon Mark Kurai Amy H. Sanchez 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(3):775-784
Internet research is appealing because it is a cost- and time-efficient way to access a large number of participants; however,
the validity of Internet research for important subjective well-being (SWB) surveys has not been adequately assessed. The
goal of the present study was to validate the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985),
the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X; Watson & Clark, 1994), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky
& Lepper, 1999) for use on the Internet. This study compared the quality of data collected using paper-based (paper-and-pencil
version in a lab setting), computer-based (Web-based version in a lab setting), and Internet (Web-based version on a computer
of the participant’s choosing) surveys for these three measures of SWB. The paper-based and computer-based experiment recruited
two college student samples; the Internet experiments recruited a college student sample and an adult sample responding to
ads on different social-networking Web sites. This study provides support for the reliability, validity, and generalizability
of the Internet format of the SWLS, PANAS-X, and SHS. Across the three experiments, the results indicate that the computer-based
and Internet surveys had means, standard deviations, reliabilities, and factor structures that were similar to those of the
paper-based versions. The discussion examines the difficulty of higher attrition for the Internet version, the need to examine
reverse-coded items in the future, and the possibility that unhappy individuals are more likely to participate in Internet
surveys of SWB. 相似文献