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871.
Ashley A. Gorman Jessica M. Foley Mark L. Ettenhofer Charles H. Hinkin Wilfred G. van Gorp 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(2):186-203
This review focuses on the “real world” implications of infection with HIV/AIDS from a neuropsychological perspective. Relevant
literature is reviewed which examines the relationships between HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment and employment,
driving, medication adherence, mood, fatigue, and interpersonal functioning. Specifically, the relative contributions of medical,
cognitive, psychosocial, and psychiatric issues on whether someone with HIV/AIDS will be able to return to work, adhere to
a complicated medication regimen, or safely drive a vehicle will be discussed. Methodological issues that arise in the context
of measuring medication adherence or driving capacity are also explored. Finally, the impact of HIV/AIDS on mood state, fatigue,
and interpersonal relationships are addressed, with particular emphasis on how these variables interact with cognition and
independent functioning. The purpose of this review is to integrate neuropsychological findings with their real world correlates
of functional behavior in the HIV/AIDS population. 相似文献
872.
Sibling conflict can rise to the level of a clinical problem. In Phase 1 a lengthy behavioral role-play analog sampling child
reactions to normal sibling conflicts was successfully shortened. In Phase 2 normal children who lacked sibling conflict resolution
skills were randomly assigned to a Training or Measurement Only condition. Training consisted of five clinic sessions focusing
on verbal reasoning, assertiveness, and acceptance skills. Trained children outperformed Measurement Only children on the
shortened role-play test. Parents of trained children, but not untrained children, perceived improved social competence in
the home. The project provides an empirical foundation for future research with aggressive siblings. 相似文献
873.
874.
Bridie Scott-Parker Barry Watson Mark J. King 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2009,12(6):470-482
Young people aged 17–24 years are at high risk of being killed in road crashes around the world. Road safety interventions consider some influences upon young driver behaviour; for example, imposing passenger restrictions on young novice drivers indirectly minimises the potential negative social influences of peers as passengers. To change young driver risky behaviour, the multitude of psychosocial influences upon its initiation and maintenance must be identified. A study questionnaire was developed to investigate the relationships between risky driving and Akers’ social learning theory, social identity theory, and thrill seeking variables. The questionnaire was completed by 165 participants (105 women, 60 men) residing in south-east Queensland, Australia. The sociodemographic variables of age, gender, and exposure explained 19% of the variance in self-reported risky driving behaviour, whilst Akers’ social learning variables explained an additional 42%. Thrill seeking and social identity variables did not explain any significant additional variance. Significant predictors of risky driving included imitation of the driving behaviours of, and anticipated rewards and punishments administered by, parents and peers. Road safety policy that directly considers and incorporates these factors in their design, implementation, and enforcement of young driver road safety interventions should prove more efficacious than current approaches. 相似文献
875.
Gaze following allows individuals to detect the locus of attention of both conspecifics and other species. However, little
is known about how this ability develops. We explored the emergence of bobwhite quail hatchlings’ ability to track human gaze
by assessing their avoidance behavior in an open arena under five testing conditions: (1) a Direct Gaze condition, in which
an experimenter looking down was positioned above one of two approach areas; (2) a Gaze Follow condition in which an experimenter,
positioned equidistant between two approach areas, directed his/her gaze towards one of the areas; (3) a Masked Gaze Follow
condition, in which the experimenter wore a mask during the Gaze Follow test; (4) a Deprived Face Experience condition, in
which hatchlings were deprived of experience with human faces prior to the Gaze Follow test; and (5) a Control condition in
which no experimenter was present during testing. Results revealed that hatchlings from the Direct Gaze condition preferred
the non-gazed approach area at all ages tested. Hatchlings from the Gaze Follow condition preferred the non-gazed approach
area at 48 and 72 h, but not at 24 h of age. In contrast, hatchlings from the Masked Gaze Follow, Deprived Face and Control
conditions did not prefer either approach area at any age tested. These results indicate that experience with human faces
plays a key role in the rapid emergence of gaze following behavior in bobwhite quail hatchlings. 相似文献
876.
Mark H. Anshel Norman L. Weatherby Minsoo Kang Tiffany Watson 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2009,10(1):210-216
ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to generate and calibrate a unidimensional sports perfectionism scale for competitive athletes using the Rasch model, and validate the scale through the convergent and known-difference validity approach.MethodThe instrument, called the Sport Perfectionism Scale (SPS), was administered to 323 undergraduate students at a university in the southeastern U.S., ranging in age from 17 to 44 yrs, who previously competed on their high school team or currently compete at the intercollegiate level.ResultsUsing the Rasch model, the level of item difficulty (i.e., most and least difficult) and the athlete's level (i.e., intensity) of perfectionism were estimated. Model-data fit was determined by Infit and Outfit statistics (≥0.5 and ≤1.5). With the exception of one item, the model fits the data well. Rasch analysis supported the measure of perfectionism in sport as a unidimensional construct. Data from the SPS were positively related with those from Stoeber, Otto, Pescheck, Becker, and Stoll's ([2007]. Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes: differentiating striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 959–969.) Perfectionism During Competitions measure (r = 0.63), and there was a significant difference in athlete's perfectionism between levels of competition, F (3, 314) = 5.21, p = 0.002, partial eta-squared, 0.05. This result supports convergent and known-difference evidence of validity for the SPS.ConclusionsThese results lend credence to using the Rasch model as a unique approach to validate evidence of perfectionism as a unidimensional construct in competitive sport. 相似文献
877.
878.
Mark C. Price 《Cognitive processing》2009,10(Z2):276-278
879.
The affective content of Subjective Wellbeing (SWB) was investigated in two separate studies. Study 1 involved a representative
sample of 478 participants from across Australia aged between 18 and 72 years. This study tested the circumplex model of affect
and then determined the minimum set of affects that explain variance in SWB. The model was supported, with most affects congregated
around the valence axis. Overall, 64% of the variance in SWB was explained by six Core Affects, indicating that SWB is a highly
affective construct. Study 2 tested the relative strength of Core Affect (content, happy and excited), in three separate models
of SWB incorporating cognition (seven discrepancies) and all five factors of personality. Using a sample of 854 participants
aged been 18–86 years, structural equation modeling was used to compare an affective-cognitive driven model of SWB, with a
personality driven model of SWB and a discrepancy driven model of SWB. The results provide support for an affective-cognitive
model which explained 90 percent of the variance in SWB. All models confirm that the relationship between SWB, Core Affect
and Discrepancies is far stronger than the relationship between personality and SWB. It is proposed that Core Affect and Discrepancies
comprise the essence of SWB. Moreover, Core Affect is the driving force behind individual set-point levels in SWB homeostasis. 相似文献
880.
Rendell PG McDaniel MA Forbes RD Einstein GO 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2007,14(3):236-256
Two experiments examined the puzzling variation in the age-related patterns for event-based prospective memory tasks. Both experiments involved a famous faces ongoing task with a feature of the famous face as the target for the prospective memory task. In Experiment 1, a substantial age deficit was found on the prospective memory task when the cue was nonfocal (wearing glasses) to the ongoing task, replicating previous research, but this deficit was significantly reduced with a focal cue (first name John). In Experiment 2, the prospective memory cue (wearing glasses) was held constant and the demands of the ongoing task of naming faces were varied. The substantial age differences found with a nonfocal cue were eliminated when the ongoing task was made less challenging. The findings help reconcile the divergent age-related findings reported in the literature. 相似文献