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851.
Grzegorz Malinowski 《Studia Logica》2011,97(2):297-312
Referential semantics importantly subscribes to the programme of theory of logical calculi. Defined by Wójcicki in [8], it
has been subsequently studied in a series of papers of the author, till the full exposition of the framework in [9] and its
intuitive characterisation in [10]. 相似文献
852.
Grammar logics were introduced by Fariñas del Cerro and Penttonen in 1988 and have been widely studied. In this paper we consider regular grammar logics with converse (REG c logics) and present sound and complete tableau calculi for the general satisfiability problem of REG c logics and the problem of checking consistency of an ABox w.r.t. a TBox in a REG c logic. Using our calculi we develop ExpTime (optimal) tableau decision procedures for the mentioned problems, to which various optimization techniques can be applied. We also prove a new result that the data complexity of the instance checking problem in REG c logics is coNP-complete. 相似文献
853.
We offer an overview of some ways of examining the connections between stance and rationality, by surveying recent work on
four central topics: (a) the very idea of a stance, (b) the relations between stances and voluntarism, (c) the metaphysics
and epistemology that emerge once stances are brought to center stage, and (d) the role that emotions and phenomenology play
in the empirical stance. 相似文献
854.
855.
Daniel James McArthur 《Synthese》2011,179(3):361-376
In this paper I consider two accounts of scientific discovery, Robert Hudson’s and Peter Achinstein’s. I assess their relative
success and I show that while both approaches are similar in promising ways, and address experimental discoveries well, they
could address the concerns of the discovery sceptic more explicitly than they do. I also explore the implications of their
inability to address purely theoretical discoveries, such as those often made in mathematical physics. I do so by showing
that extending Hudson’s or Achinstein’s account to such cases can sometimes provide a misleading analysis about who ought
to be credited as a discoverer. In the final sections of the paper I work out some revisions to the Hudson/Achinstein account
by drawing from a so-called structural realist view of theory change. Finally, I show how such a modified account of discovery
can answer sceptical critics such as Musgrave or Woolgar without producing misleading analyses about who ought to receive
credit as a discoverer in cases from the mathematical sciences. I illustrate the usefulness of this approach by providing
an analysis of the case of the discovery of the Casimir effect. 相似文献
856.
Christopher Vasillopulos 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(1):19-36
It is commonplace to speak of education as a right. Yet it has been seldom defended as a natural right. Natural rights are
pre-social, while education is social intrinsically. This analysis attempts to show how Aristotle’s concept of education can
be conceived as a natural and necessary process to fulfill individual autonomy. In this sense it approaches Locke’s conception
of a natural right. To the degree that it succeeds, the firmest possible basis for education in modern constitutionally premised
social order is established. It will stand on a par with life, liberty and property and will be equally resistant to tyrannical
inroads of either government or majoritarian politics. Moreover, it will refocus society on its absolute duty to treat its
citizens justly, that is, will full regard for their inalienable rights. 相似文献
857.
Donna H. Kerr 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(6):573-584
Two complementary bodies of literature either claim explicitly or imply that human cruelty is rooted in asymmetrical relationships.
The first describes and analyzes various forms of domination and acquiescence, including colonialism, racism, imperialism,
sexism, and interpersonal power dynamics, among others. The second attempts to describe what would constitute the antidote,
namely symmetrical relationships of mutuality and equality. Both of these literatures counsel abandoning asymmetrical relationships
in favor of the symmetrical. To the contrary, this paper argues that it is only in the context of asymmetrical relationships that humans can learn the basics of equality and mutual regard that undergird
democracy. More particularly, the moral use of asymmetrical relations would be to help the young acquire, inter alias, the
kinds of self-awareness and self-understanding that would enable them to function as responsible parties in symmetrical relations. 相似文献
858.
Two experiments examined the role of numerical distance in updating numerical information in working memory. In the first
experiment, participants had to memorize a new number only when it was smaller than a previously memorized number. In the
second experiment, updating was based on an external signal, which removed the need to perform any numerical comparison. In
both experiments, distance between the memorized number and the new one was manipulated. The results showed that smaller distances
between the new and the old information led to shorter updating times. This graded facilitation suggests that the process
by which information is substituted in the focus of attention involves maintaining the shared features between the new and
the old number activated and selecting other new features to be activated. Thus, the updating cost may be related to amount
of new features to be activated in the focus of attention. 相似文献
859.
Studies of recognition typically involve tests in which the participant’s memory for a stimulus is directly questioned. There
are occasions however, in which memory occurs more spontaneously (e.g., an acquaintance seeming familiar out of context).
Spontaneous recognition was investigated in a novel paradigm involving study of pictures and words followed by recognition
judgments on stimuli with an old or new word superimposed over an old or new picture. Participants were instructed to make
their recognition decision on either the picture or word and to ignore the distracting stimulus. Spontaneous recognition was
measured as the influence of old vs. new distracters on target recognition. Across two experiments, older adults and younger
adults placed under divided-attention showed a greater tendency to spontaneously recognize old distracters as compared to
full-attention younger adults. The occurrence of spontaneous recognition is discussed in relation to ability to constrain
retrieval to goal-relevant information. 相似文献
860.
This study investigates the importance of vowel diacritics for the retention of Hebrew word lists, with word lists being manipulated
along the dimension of word frequency and syllabic length. Eighty university students participated in the study. Half of the
participants (40) were tested with the word lists presented in fully-pointed (voweled) Hebrew while the other half (40) were
given the word lists in unpointed Hebrew (with vowel diacritics removed). Analyses of each group’s recall rates and recall-order
accuracy indicate that, overall, the presence of vowel diacritics had no facilitating effect on the participants’ quantitative
and qualitative Short Term Memory (STM) performance. This was found to be true whether word frequency (high vs. medium to
low) or syllabic length (mono vs. trisyllabic) were computed as within-subject factors. Attempts to adequately interpret the
absence of a pointing effect on STM performance based upon Orthographic Depth Hypothesis (ODH) and Grain Size Theory (GST)
proved unfruitful. The authors propose an adaptation of the GST to the peculiarities of Hebrew orthography and discuss a morphology-centered
grain-size theory (MGST). 相似文献