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911.
The psychometric properties of several commonly used verbal working memory measures were assessed. One hundred thirty-nine
individuals in five age groups (18–30, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and 80+ years) were tested twice (Time I and Time II) on seven
working memory span measures (alphabet span, backward digit span, missing digit span, subtract 2 span, running item span,
and sentence span for syntactically simple and complex sentences), with an interval of approximately 6 weeks between testing.
There were significant effects of age on all but two of the tasks. All the measures had adequate internal consistency. Correlations
between performances at Time I and Time II were significant for all the tasks, other than the missing digit span task. The
magnitude of the correlations was similar across the age groups and ranged from .52 to .81. Classification of subjects into
discrete memory span groups on the basis of a single measure was highly inconsistent across testing sessions and tasks. Classification
into upper and lower quartiles was more stable than using a cutoff score for group membership or than classification into
high-, medium-, and low-span groups. Correlational analyses showed that there was a moderate relationship between performances
on many of the span tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that six of the seven tasks reflected a common factor. Both
test—retest reliability and stability of classification improved when a composite measure reflecting performance on several
tasks was used. 相似文献
912.
Scaling techniques for modeling directional knowledge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A common way for researchers to model or graphically portray spatial knowledge of a large environment is by applying multidimensional
scaling (MDS) to a set of pairwise distance estimations. We introduce two MDS-like techniques that incorporate people’s knowledge
of directions instead of (or in addition to) their knowledge of distances. Maps of a familiar environment derived from these
procedures were more accurate and were rated by participants as being more accurate than those derived from nonmetric MDS.
By incorporating people’s relatively accurate knowledge of directions, these methods offer spatial cognition researchers and
behavioral geographers a sharper analytical tool than MDS for studying cognitive maps. 相似文献
913.
Anna?SzékelyEmail author Simonetta?D’Amico Antonella?Devescovi Kara?Federmeier Dan?Herron Gowri?Iyer Thomas?Jacobsen Elizabeth?Bates 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(4):621-633
Factors affecting word retrieval were compared in a timed picture-naming paradigm for 520 drawings of objects. In prior timed
and untimed studies by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) and Snodgrass and Yuditsky (1996), concerns were raised that participants
could not reliably name large numbers of items in a single session. We show that reliable results are obtained in a single
session for 520 items and validate our method against previous findings by Snodgrass and colleagues for overlapping items.
For these items, comparable levels of name agreement and latency are obtained, and we replicate effects of length, frequency,
both objective and subjective age of acquisition, and visual complexity on reaction time (RT) and name agreement measures.
Name agreement is unaffected by order of presentation, although there is a gradual increase in RTs across the session, requiring
use of multiple random orders. Current extensions of our method include cross-linguistic, bilingual, developmental, and neuropsychological
studies and comparisons of action naming and object naming. 相似文献
914.
In this study, we describe and analyze the ways in which high school students explored a virtual solar system (VSS). VSS is
a nonimmersive virtual environment that affords visual manipulations of space by altering its frame of reference. The Observer
software was used to code and analyze the participants’ real-time free-exploration task. Two basic behaviors were identified
across participants: establishing several home bases, and shifting between a still mode and a dynamic mode. Moreover, three
overall exploration patterns emerged: thebutterfly pattern represents a superficial mode of learning; thebee pattern represents an in-depth mode of studying the various celestial objects; and theeagle pattern represents a global approach of studying the complex system. This virtual reality environment promises to provide
a setting in which to further study consistent patterns and individual differences in exploration strategies. 相似文献
915.
Giovanello KS Verfaellie M Keane MM 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2003,3(3):186-194
In two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that medial temporal lobe (MTL) amnesic patients and, likewise, diencephalic
(DNC) amnesic patients evidence a disproportionate deficit in memory for associations in comparison with memory for single
items. In Experiment 1, we equated item recognition in amnesic and control participants and found that, under these conditions,
associative recognition remained impaired both for MTL patients and for DNC patients. To rule out an alternative interpretation
of the results of Experiment 1, in Experiment 2 we compared the performance of amnesic and control participants on a one-item
recognition task and a two-item recognition task that required no memory for the association between members of word pairs.
In the MTL group, when single-item recognition was equated to that of the controls, two-item nonassociative pair memory was
equivalent as well. In the DNC group, nonassociative pair memory was impaired, but this impairment did not fully account for
the impairment in associative memory. These findings indicate that memory for novel associations between items is disproportionately
impaired in comparison with memory for single items in amnesia. 相似文献
916.
Murphy FC Nimmo-Smith I Lawrence AD 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2003,3(3):207-233
The application of functional neuroimaging to the study of human emotion has yielded valuable data; however, the conclusions
that may be drawn from any one study are limited. We applied novel statistical techniques to the meta-analysis of 106 PET
and fMRI studies of human emotion and tested predictions made by key neuroscientific models. The results demonstrated partial
support for asymmetry accounts. Greater left-sided activity was observed for approach emotions, whereas neural activity associated
with negative/withdrawal emotions was symmetrical. Support was also found for affect program emotion accounts. The activation distributions associated with fear, disgust, and anger differed significantly. These emotions
were most consistently associated in activity in regions associated with selective processing deficits when damaged: the amygdala,
the insula and globus pallidus, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. In contrast, the distributions for happiness
and sadness did not differ. These findings are considered in the context of conceptualizations of the neural correlates of
human emotion. 相似文献
917.
918.
The increasing use of verbal reports in psychological research requires tools for improving the ease and reliability of collecting
and coding verbal report data. An approach is described that maintains the verbal report data in digitally recorded audio
form throughout the collecting and encoding processes. A new computer-aided encoding tool, CAPAS, is described, which randomly
selects and plays individual protocol segments and stores computer keyboard-entered codes in an SPSS-formatted data file. 相似文献
919.
Merijn?van?TilborgEmail author Jan?N.?C.?van der?Pers Peter?Roessingh Maurice?W.?Sabelis 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(3):478-482
A novel type of locomotion compensator was designed and tested for its use in orientation behavior experiments with a predatory mite. In this apparatus, displacements of the test animal in the two-dimensional plane are recorded using video equipment and a servosphere that keeps the animal in focus. Thex andy displacements are registeredusing two rotation encoders and are compensated using a pair of servo-motors, in such a way that the animal is always positioned on top of the sphere, yet moves freely. Well-fed and starved predators were tested for their responses to (1) still air, (2) a stimulus-free air flow, (3) an air flow with odors from uninfested Lima bean leaves, and (4) an air flow with odors from Lima bean leaves infested by plant-feeding mites, the prey of the predatory mites. Anemotactic responses of adultPhytoseivlus persimilis females were feeding state dependent. Well-fed predators moved downwind under Treatments 1–3 but moved neither up-nor downwind in the presence of odors from infested plants (Treatment 4). Starved predators moved upwind under all treatments. These results are in agreement with those of earlier studies in a wind tunnel, and therefore, the new type of locomotion compensator (LC-100) offers an excellent method for studying the orientation behavior of micro-arthropods. 相似文献
920.