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191.
192.
John Brian Power 《Reflective Practice》2017,18(5):713-724
Approaching a milestone in his teaching career, the author set out to document his observations on mentoring reflective journal writing with the aims of capturing his own learning journey and providing insights into future practice. Such recollections of teachers’ learning from experience in the higher education context have been subject to relatively little investigation. Some key points emerge: reflective journal writing is considered fundamental to advancing the core principles of the liberal arts tradition, specifically by allowing students to articulate their understanding of the more abstract concepts fundamental to undergraduate learning. Over time, mentoring of journal writing can provide rich individual and collective portraits of learner development. At the heart of this discussion is the belief that the ‘art’ of mentoring good journal writing lies in taking cues from the students, and acknowledging and incorporating their insights and first-hand experience of the process into classroom instruction. It is hoped that these reflections may be beneficial for teachers beginning or continuing their reflective journal mentoring. 相似文献
193.
Faces have features characteristic of the identity, age and sex of an individual. In the context of social communication and
social recognition in various animal species, facial information is relevant for discriminating between familiar and unfamiliar
individuals. Here, we present two experiments aimed at testing the ability of cattle (Bos taurus) to visually discriminate between heads (including face views) of familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics represented as 2D
images. In the first experiment, we observed the spontaneous behaviour of heifers when images of familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics
were simultaneously presented. Our results show that heifers were more attracted towards the image of a familiar conspecific
(i.e., it was chosen first, explored more, and given more attention) than towards the image of an unfamiliar one. In the second
experiment, the ability to discriminate between images of familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics was tested using a food-rewarded
instrumental conditioning procedure. Eight out of the nine heifers succeeded in discriminating between images of familiar
and unfamiliar conspecifics and in generalizing on the first trial to a new pair of images of familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics,
suggesting a categorization process of familiar versus unfamiliar conspecifics in cattle. Results of the first experiment
and the observation of ear postures during the learning process, which was used as an index of the emotional state, provided
information on picture processing in cattle and lead us to conclude that images of conspecifics were treated as representations
of real individuals. 相似文献
194.
Solomon M Frank MJ Smith AC Ly S Carter CS 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(3):437-449
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) exhibit intact rote learning with impaired generalization. A transitive
inference paradigm, involving training on four sequentially presented stimulus pairs containing overlapping items, with subsequent
testing on two novel pairs, was used to investigate this pattern of learning in 27 young adults with ASDs and 31 matched neurotypical
individuals (TYPs). On the basis of findings about memory and neuropathology, we hypothesized that individuals with ASDs would
use a relational flexibility/conjunctive strategy reliant on an intact hippocampus, versus an associative strength/value transfer strategy requiring intact interactions between the prefrontal cortex and the striatum. Hypotheses were largely confirmed.
ASDs demonstrated reduced interference from intervening pairs in early training; only TYPs formed a serial position curve
by test; and ASDs exhibited impairments on the novel test pair consisting of end items with intact performance on the inner
test pair. However, comparable serial position curves formed for both groups by the end of the first block. 相似文献
195.
Linnea R. Burk Jeffrey M. Armstrong Jong-Hyo Park Carolyn Zahn-Waxler Marjorie H. Klein Marilyn J. Essex 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(2):225-238
Aggressive victims—children who are both perpetrators and victims of peer aggression—experience greater concurrent mental
health problems and impairments than children who are only aggressive or only victimized. The stability of early identified
aggressive victim status has not been evaluated due to the fact that most studies of aggressor/victim subgroups have focused
on preadolescents and/or adolescents. Further, whether children who exhibit early and persistent patterns of aggression and
victimization continue to experience greater mental health problems and functional impairments through the transition to adolescence
is not known. This study followed 344 children (180 girls) previously identified as socially adjusted, victims, aggressors,
or aggressive victims at Grade 1 (Burk et al. 2008) to investigate their involvement in peer bullying through Grade 5. The children, their mothers, and teachers reported on
children’s involvement in peer aggression and victimization at Grades 1, 3, and 5; and reported on internalizing symptoms,
externalizing symptoms, inattention and impulsivity, as well as academic functioning, physical health, and service use at
Grades 5, 7, and 9. Most children categorized as aggressive victims in Grade 1 continued to be significantly involved in peer
bullying across elementary school. Children with recurrent aggressive victim status exhibited higher levels of some mental
health problems and greater school impairments across the adolescent transition when compared to other longitudinal peer status
groups. This study suggests screening for aggressive victim status at Grade 1 is potentially beneficial. Further early interventions
may need to be carefully tailored to prevent and/or attenuate later psychological, academic, and physical health problems. 相似文献
196.
Ning Du David V. Budescu Marjorie K. Shelly Thomas C. Omer 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2011,114(2):179-189
Prior findings suggest managers often choose ranges to communicate uncertainty in future earnings. We analyzed earnings forecasts over 11 years and find higher earnings uncertainty firms are more likely to choose range estimates. We study investors’ attitudes to forecast precision and argue investors’ evaluations of forecasts can be explained by a sequential non-compensatory two-stage process – First, investors determine whether a point or a range estimate is more appropriate for a particular domain based on the congruence principle. Then, they seek the most precise reasonable range to maximize informativeness. Results from three experiments indicate the preference for (im)precision is non-monotonic – it peaks for low levels of imprecision and diminishes when the range gets wider, and is consistent with participants’ desire for congruent and informative estimates, and supports the claim that investors favor forecasts that are as precise as warranted by the information available, but not more precise. 相似文献
197.
In the current study, we examined the influence of victim type and hostile sexism on men’s judgments about an acquaintance rape victim and their self-reported acquaintance rape proclivity. It was predicted that hostile sexism would predict self-reported rape proclivity, but that this relationship would be moderated by victim type. Specifically, it was predicted that participants would report greater proclivity in relation to a victim who appeared not to adhere to traditional gender stereotypes than to a victim who appeared to adhere to such stereotypes. Further, in line with D. Abrams, G. T. Viki, B. Masser, and G. Bohner (2003), it was predicted that the relationship between hostile sexism and rape proclivity would be mediated by perceptions of “token resistance” by the victim. Results partially supported the hypotheses. Hostile sexism was positively related to rape proclivity, but victim type was not found to moderate the relationship. In addition, perceptions of “token resistance” were found to mediate the hostile sexism and rape proclivity relationship. The results suggest that, at least in terms of rape proclivity, hostile sexists may not differentiate in their targets for sexual aggression. 相似文献
198.
Anne Vilain Marjorie Dole Hlne Lvenbruck Olivier Pascalis Jean‐Luc Schwartz 《Developmental science》2019,22(6)
The influence of motor knowledge on speech perception is well established, but the functional role of the motor system is still poorly understood. The present study explores the hypothesis that speech production abilities may help infants discover phonetic categories in the speech stream, in spite of coarticulation effects. To this aim, we examined the influence of babbling abilities on consonant categorization in 6‐ and 9‐month‐old infants. Using an intersensory matching procedure, we investigated the infants’ capacity to associate auditory information about a consonant in various vowel contexts with visual information about the same consonant, and to map auditory and visual information onto a common phoneme representation. Moreover, a parental questionnaire evaluated the infants’ consonantal repertoire. In a first experiment using /b/–/d/ consonants, we found that infants who displayed babbling abilities and produced the /b/ and/or the /d/ consonants in repetitive sequences were able to correctly perform intersensory matching, while non‐babblers were not. In a second experiment using the /v/–/z/ pair, which is as visually contrasted as the /b/–/d/ pair but which is usually not produced at the tested ages, no significant matching was observed, for any group of infants, babbling or not. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the emergence of babbling could play a role in the extraction of vowel‐independent representations for consonant place of articulation. They have important implications for speech perception theories, as they highlight the role of sensorimotor interactions in the development of phoneme representations during the first year of life. 相似文献
199.
Schizophrenia involves difficulties with aspects of relating that make traditional psychotherapeutic practices more difficult. Drawing on the observation of a psychoeducation group comprising 10 patients with schizophrenia (primarily paranoid schizophrenia) we highlight group processes that help show how the conduct of psychoeducational groups can benefit from a group therapy approach. In the research example discussed, we review a psychoeducation group which took place over a period of one year at a day hospital, facilitated by professionals trained in psychoanalytic group psychotherapy. 相似文献
200.
Philip Hyland Gráinne McGinty Thanos Karatzias Jamie Murphy Frédérique Vallières Joanna McHugh Power 《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2019,48(1):39-51
Loneliness is a common psychological experience affecting a significant minority of the general population. Loneliness may in part be related to the existence of dysfunctional cognitive evaluations. To date, however, loneliness has yet to be explicitly assessed within a cognitive-behavioural theoretical framework. The current study sought to determine the association between negative cognitions, within the context of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT), and the experience of loneliness. A multinational sample of university students (n = 397) completed self-report assessments of rational and irrational beliefs, and loneliness. Structural equation modelling results found that the REBT model of psychopathology, and the REBT model of psychological health, provided satisfactory representations of loneliness, explaining 36% and 23% of variance in loneliness, respectively. Several dysfunctional (“Demandingness”, “Catastrophising” and “Self-Downing” beliefs) and functional (“Preferences” and “Self-Acceptance” beliefs) cognitions were directly and indirectly associated with loneliness. These results highlight that cognitions and loneliness are meaningfully related, and indicate that cognitive-behavioural models may be useful in understanding loneliness. More specifically, current results suggest that REBT may offer a viable psychotherapeutic approach to treating loneliness. 相似文献