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141.
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143.
Ana I. F. Pereira Cristina Canavarro Margarida F. Cardoso Denisa Mendonça 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(4):454-464
The majority of studies investigating the effects of parental behaviour on the child’s adjustment have a dimensional approach.
We identified the existence of various patterns in parental rearing styles and analysed the relationship between different
parenting patterns and behavioural problems in a group of school-aged children. A longitudinal, multi-informant study was
conducted. The sample consisted of 519 school-aged children from the Portuguese general population. Parental rearing styles
were measured using the EMBU-C, a questionnaire that evaluates children’s perception of parental rearing dimensions. The assessment
of child behavioural problems included the evaluation of internalizing and externalizing problems, and data from multiple
reporters (parents and teacher). One year later, after a school transition, the adjustment of a sub-sample of 220 children
was evaluated again. Cluster analysis identified four types of parental rearing styles: low support, supportive-controller,
rejecting-controller, and supportive. In both assessment periods, low support and rejecting-controller parenting patterns
showed higher levels of behavioural problems than the supportive and supportive-controller parenting patterns. These patterns
show significant differences between them regarding behavioural problems and have a higher predictive value regarding externalizing
problems (versus internalizing problems). 相似文献
144.
Helena Moreira Carla Crespo Tiago Paredes Sónia Silva Maria Cristina Canavarro Frank M. Dattilio 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2011,33(2):161-178
In this cross-sectional study we analyzed the links between marital quality and intimacy, body image, and psychological quality
of life (PQoL) of breast cancer patients, as well as the moderating role of cancer phase (treatment, survivorship) on the
aforementioned links. We also evaluated whether body image mediated the associations between marital relationship variables
and PQoL. An analysis of the data from 128 patients (66 undergoing treatment, 62 survivors) indicated that the majority of
links between variables were significant only during the treatment phase. Mediating effect of body image on the associations
between relationship variables and PQoL was found only at the treatment phase. 相似文献
145.
Adolescents move to evening orientation just when school schedule becomes earlier. Whereas school achievement has been associated to morningness orientation during morning school schedule, some studies have indicated that evening people are more intelligent. In this study the relative contribution of Morningness–Eveningness (M–E) in the prediction of school achievement, after controlling for age, sex/gender, inductive reasoning and sleep length was analyzed. Participants were 887 adolescents (aged 12–16). School achievement was evaluated using Grade Point Average (GPA), inductive reasoning was evaluated by reasoning subtest of Primary Mental Abilities (PMA-R), sleep length was calculated from rise time and bedtime questions, and M–E was evaluated by Morningness–Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC). Evening adolescents scored higher on PMA-R and obtained lower GPA. Inductive reasoning, age, sex/gender, sleep length and M–E accounted for 19% variance percentage on GPA. M–E was a significant predictor of school achievement even after controlling for traditional predictors, albeit slightly. 相似文献
146.
de Oliveira AR Reimer AE de Macedo CE de Carvalho MC Silva MA Brandão ML 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,95(1):37-45
Excitation of the mesocorticolimbic pathway, originating from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), may be important for the development of exaggerated fear responding. Among the forebrain regions innervated by this pathway, the amygdala is an essential component of the neural circuitry of conditioned fear. The functional role of the dopaminergic pathway connecting the VTA to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in fear and anxiety has received little attention. In vivo microdialysis was performed to measure dopamine levels in the BLA of Wistar rats that received the dopamine D(2) agonist quinpirole (1 μg/0.2 μl) into the VTA and were subjected to a fear conditioning test using a light as the conditioned stimulus (CS). The effects of intra-BLA injections of the D(1) antagonist SCH 23390 (1 and 2 μg/0.2 μl) and D(2) antagonist sulpiride (1 and 2 μg/0.2 μl) on fear-potentiated startle (FPS) to a light-CS were also assessed. Locomotor performance was evaluated by use of open-field and rotarod tests. Freezing and increased dopamine levels in the BLA in response to the CS were both inhibited by intra-VTA quinpirole. Whereas intra-BLA SCH 23390 did not affect FPS, intra-BLA sulpiride (2 μg) inhibited FPS. Sulpiride's ability to decrease FPS cannot be attributed to nonspecific effects because this drug did not affect motor performance. These findings indicate that the dopamine D(2) receptor pathway connecting the ventral tegmental area and the basolateral amygdala modulates fear and anxiety and may be a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of anxiety. 相似文献
147.
This paper concerns the ethics of human neuromodulation using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We examine the challenges of modulating the brain with TMS through the research ethics lens and in clinical medicine for treating frank pathology, primarily in psychiatric diseases. We also consider contemporary issues raised in the neuroethics literature about managing unexpected findings, and relate these to TMS and to other frontier neurotechnology that is becoming openly available in the public domain. We argue that safety and informed consent are of paramount importance for TMS, but that personal values and sociocultural factors must also be considered when examining the promise of this technology and applications that ought to be highlighted for extra precautions. 相似文献
148.
Selective attention enhances visual information processing, as measured by behavioral performance and neural activity. However,
little is known about its effects on subjective experience. Here, we investigated the effect of transient (exogenous) attention
on the appearance of visual motion, using a psychophysical procedure that directly measures appearance and controls for response
bias. Observers viewed pairs of moving dot patterns and reported the motion direction of the more coherent pattern. Directing
attention (via a peripheral precue) to a stimulus location increased its perceived coherence level and improved performance
on a direction discrimination task. In a control experiment, we ruled out response bias by lengthening the time interval between
the cue and the stimuli, so that the effect of transient attention could no longer be exerted. Our results are consistent
with those of neurophysiological studies showing that attention modulates motion processing and provide evidence of a subjective
perceptual correlate of attention, with a concomitant effect on performance. 相似文献
149.
Transient attention is the automatic and short-lasting preferential processing of an area in visual space initiated by sudden stimulation in the same vicinity. Transient attention enhances early visual processing in a variety of dimensions, increasing contrast sensitivity, spatial resolution, and acuity. A recent study established that the increase in contrast sensitivity is accompanied by an increase in apparent contrast. In the present study, we investigated whether the effects of transient attention on spatial resolution and acuity are accompanied by corresponding phenomenological changes in these dimensions. The data indicate that transient attention increases the apparent spatial frequency of Gabor stimuli (Experiment 1) and increases apparent gap size in a Landolt-square acuity task (Experiment 2). Transient attention not only affects basic visual processing-it changes what one experiences. 相似文献
150.
An online measure of thought suppression 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
An online thought-suppression paradigm was developed to test predictions of ironic process theory. Participants concentrated on or suppressed a particular semantic category. Semantic activation was indexed by the latency to name words from the category. In Experiments 1 and 2, an analog intrusion was introduced while participants were trying to suppress the information. Results consistent with ironic process theory were observed using words with polar opposites in Experiment 1 and words without polar opposites in Experiment 2. To determine whether these effects were dependent on the analog intrusion, Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 1 without the intrusion. Concentration generated semantic activation, but suppression exacerbated this activation. The data imply that hyperaccessibility results from efforts to suppress, whereas the processes of thought suppression identified by ironic process theory require the presence of material inconsistent with a desired cognitive state. 相似文献