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Xiao-Ping Chen Marion B. Eberly Daniel G. Bachrach Qing Qu 《The Journal of social psychology》2017,157(6):720-735
In this research, we examine the phenomenon of egocentric reciprocity, where individuals protect self-interest by adopting an eye-for-an-eye strategy in negatively imbalanced exchanges, and by taking advantage of overly generous treatment in positively imbalanced exchanges. We conducted two experiments using a modified ultimatum game examining attitudinal and behavioral responses to imbalanced exchanges. The experiments allowed us to explore the moderating role of relational closeness (i.e., whether the game partner was a friend or a stranger) and the mediating role of anger and indebtedness in these moderated relationships. Our results consistently demonstrate the phenomenon of egocentric reciprocity. Most importantly, this research reveals that friendship places a boundary on this egocentric tendency, and that the effects may partially be explained by anger experienced in response to exchange. 相似文献
184.
We investigated the effects of sensory reduction on the retrieval of information during tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences. As conscious access results from severe competition in which external stimuli often have priority, we hypothesised that reducing external stimulation would allow individuals greater access to weakly activated inner knowledge. In Study 1, when participants experienced a TOT while answering a general knowledge question, they were given additional time to find the solution in a restricted (eyes closed?+?silence) or a non-restricted (eyes open?+?ambient noise) external stimulation environment. Results indicated that knowledge was more often retrieved when external stimulation was restricted than when not restricted. This result was replicated in a second study. Using an independent manipulation of the level of auditory and visual stimulation, Study 2 also indicated that the presence of visual stimulation was more disruptive for TOT resolution than the presence of auditory stimulation. Overall, the findings suggest that sensory restriction (especially of visual stimuli) facilitates the retrieval of weakly accessible knowledge through a greater processing of inner stimuli. 相似文献
185.
O'Brien M Miner Weaver J Nelson JA Calkins SD Leerkes EM Marcovitch S 《Cognition & emotion》2011,25(6):1074-1086
Theory of mind competence and knowledge of emotions were studied longitudinally in a sample of preschoolers aged 3 (n=263) and 4 (n=244) years. Children were assessed using standard measures of theory of mind and emotion knowledge. Three competing hypotheses were tested regarding the developmental associations between children's theory of mind abilities and their knowledge of emotions. First, that an understanding of emotion develops early and informs children's understanding of others' thinking. Alternatively, having a basic theory of mind may help children learn about emotions. Third, that the two domains are separate aspects of children's social cognitive skills such that each area develops independently. Results of hierarchical regressions supported the first hypothesis that early emotion understanding predicts later theory-of-mind performance, and not the reverse. 相似文献
186.
Dimensionality of the widely used Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was investigated in a sample of 153 seventh-grade Asian
students from Singapore. Confirmatory factor analyses performed on the scores of the RSES revealed two factors (positive and
negative self-esteem) as hypothesized. Both factors were empirically related to different external variables. Results from
multiple regression analyses indicated that positive self-esteem significantly predicted students’ mastery goal orientation
and academic self-efficacy scores while negative self-esteem significantly predicted students’ disruptive behavior. These
findings provide some preliminary support that the two factors could possibly be measuring substantively distinct dimensions,
thus calling into question the unidimensionalty of the RSES in an Asian school-based sample.
This study was supported by a grant from Center for Research in Pedagogy and Practice, National Institute of Education (CRP
26/04 RA) to Rebecca P. Ang. 相似文献
187.
Marion Travers 《Médecine & Droit》2019,2019(156):63-69
While the triple individual, altruistic and collective dimension of the preventive vaccination obligation serves a major public health objective, it only prevents such a choice by public authorities, by imposing a constraint on individuals and thus violating several of their fundamental rights, from going against personal freedom. The first question raised is then that of the legitimacy of such a policy. Could less coercive means, and therefore less intrusive on fundamental rights and freedoms, not be deployed? If not, at what risk alert threshold(s) could the vaccination obligation be justified? 相似文献
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Iris Marion Young 《Ratio》2002,15(4):410-428
Toril Moi has argued that recent deconstructive challenges to the concept of gender and to the viability of the sex/gender distinction have brought feminist and queer theory to a place of increasing theoretical abstraction. She suggests that we should abandon the category of gender once and for all, because it is founded on a nature–culture distinction and it tends incorrigibly to essentialize women's lives. Moi argues that feminist and queer theories should replace the concept of gender with a concept of the lived body derived from existential phenomenology. In this essay I take up and develop this suggestion, and argue that there are several advantages that a category of the lived body has over a category of gender for feminist and queer theories: (1) no nature–culture distinction is necessary but the body can be described as historically and socially specific; (2) it is not necessary to break out a gendered and "raced" part of identity with this category; (3) differences of sexual desire can be described without recourse to an "inner core" of identity or "sexual orientation." I go on to argue, however, that it is important to retain a concept of gender for a theoretical purpose beyond that which Moi and those she criticizes conceive. In recent years feminist and queer theories have tended to conceive their theorizing as restricted to identity and subjectivity. How large scale social structures differentially position people in relations of privilege and disadvantage has been ignored, relatively. This essay argues then that theorizing structural processes and inequalities is crucial, and that a concept of gender is important for such theorizing. I propose three aspects of gendered social structure that are irreducible to one another: (1) a sexual division of labor (2) normative heterosexuality, and (3) hierarchies of power. In each case I illustrate the social theoretical work these categorizations of gendered structure can and should do. 相似文献