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91.
92.
O'Brien Marion Peyton Vicki Mistry Rashmita Hruda Ludmila Jacobs Anne Caldera Yvonne Huston Aletha Roy Carolyn 《Sex roles》2000,42(11-12):1007-1025
Although the multidimensionality of gender roles has been well established, few researchers have investigated male and female roles separately. Because of the substantial differences in the ways male and female roles are portrayed in our culture, boys and girls may think and learn about these roles differently. The male role is more clearly defined, more highly valued, and more salient than the female role; thus, children's cognitions about these two roles may be expected to differ. The present study addressed the question of whether there is sex-typical variation in gender labeling, gender-role knowledge, and schematicity. Participants were 120 families; 15% were from minority ethnic groups, and 17% were single-parent families; 25% of the parents had a high school education or less. Results indicated that at 36 months of age, boys were less able to label gender and less knowledgeable about gender roles than were girls. Boys' knew more about male stereotypes than female stereotypes, whereas girls knew considerably more than boys about the female role and as much as boys about the male role. Boys and girls were found to be similar in gender schematicity. Traditionality of parental attitudes regarding child-rearing and maternal employment were not strongly related to children's gender cognition. 相似文献
93.
Bioethicists have articulated an ideal of shared decision making between physician and patient, but in doing so the role of clinical uncertainty has not been adequately confronted. In the face of uncertainty about the patient's prognosis and the best course of treatment, many physicians revert to a model of nondisclosure and nondiscussion, thus closing off opportunities for shared decision making. Empirical studies suggest that physicians find it more difficult to adhere to norms of disclosure in situations where there is substantial uncertainty. They may be concerned that acknowledging their own uncertainty will undermine patient trust and create additional confusion and anxiety for the patient. We argue, in contrast, that effective disclosure will protect patient trust in the long run and that patients can manage information about uncertainty. In situations where there is substantial uncertainty, extra vigilance is required to ensure that patients are given the tools and information they need to participate in cooperative decision making about their care. 相似文献
94.
J Botella M Suero M I Barriopedro 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2001,27(6):1452-1467
The authors present a model to account for the miscombination of features when stimuli are presented using the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) technique (illusory conjunctions in the time domain). It explains the distributions of responses through a mixture of trial outcomes. In some trials, attention is successfully focused on the target, whereas in others, the responses are based on partial information. Two experiments are presented that manipulated the mean processing time of the target-defining dimension and of the to-be-reported dimension, respectively. As predicted, the average origin of the responses is delayed when lengthening the target-defining dimension, whereas it is earlier when lengthening the to-be-reported dimension; in the first case the number of correct responses is dramatically reduced, whereas in the second it does not change. The results, a review of other research, and simulations carried out with a formal version of the model are all in close accordance with the predictions. 相似文献
95.
Marion McAllister 《Journal of genetic counseling》2001,10(3):233-250
The practice of genetic counseling is in need of evidence-based theoretical frameworks. Although strategies used in genetic counseling are increasingly evidence-based, the field of genetic counseling does not have a generally accepted theoretical basis for development of therapeutic interventions. We know very little about (1) what actually happens in genetic counseling and (2) the impact it has on clients and their families. A number of researchers have used a variety of approaches in an attempt to introduce some theoretical basis for genetic counseling research and practice. Other workers have used experience in their clinical practice to write theoretically about the kinds of processes that might be going on in and around genetic counseling. However, there are few studies to date, which have attempted to build theory modeling the psychosocial processes that take place in and around the genetic counseling clinic using empirical data. This paper describes a methodology (grounded theory) that is designed specifically to build theory about psychosocial processes from a strong evidence base, and explains how it can contribute to the development of practice in genetic counseling. 相似文献
96.
Croizet Jean-Claude Désert Michel Dutrévis Marion Leyens Jacques-Philippe 《Social Psychology of Education》2001,4(3-4):295-310
According to Steele (1997), negative stereotypes about intellectual abilities can act as a threat that disrupts the performance
of students targeted by bad reputations. Previous research on stereotype threat has showed that on a stereotype-relevant test,
stigmatized group members (e.g., African Americans) performed worse than others on an intellectual verbal task. However, when
the instructions accompanying the test did not create stereotype threat, stigmatized group members' performance was equal
to that of other participants. In this paper, we present studies documenting the effect of stereotype threat and discuss ways
to counter it. Two strategies derived from Self-Categorization Theory (Turner & Oakes, 1989) and Self-Affirmation Theory (Steele,
1988) are presented, tested, and discussed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
97.
When observers are asked to report a feature of a single target displayed in rapid serial visual presentation, they frequently make errors. Most frequently, a feature from the to-be-reported dimension pertaining to a stimulus presented near the target is reported. These migrations are so-called illusory conjunctions in the time domain. From parallel models, it is proposed that during the presentation of the series, the response features of the stimuli are extracted. If a high rate of presentation does not enable proper binding processes, the system could base its response on sophisticated guessing on the basis of the relative levels of activation of the available response features. However, the multiple extractions assumption has not received direct empirical support. We report two experiments in which the observers had to report their first and second response candidates. This double response paradigm makes it possible to test the assumption that more than one response feature is available for making a response. Furthermore, the application of the constant ratio rule (following Botella, Barriopedro, & Suero's, 2001, model) to the first responses allows predictions for the ratios between choices of the items for the second responses. The correlations between the observed and the predicted response proportions were .887 and .956 in the two experiments. This high predictive capacity indicates, first, that the observers have more than one response available, among which to choose, and second, that the choice among responses is determined largely in the same way for both, first and second responses. Nevertheless, the small errors in prediction are further reduced if a proportion of pure guesses is assumed in the second responses. These are probably due to memory losses, misidentifications of the features, and other factors impairing performance in second responses in comparison with first responses. 相似文献
98.
Noelle R. Leonard Marya V. Gwadz Gricel N. Arredondo Marion Riedel Lauren Rotko Emily J. Hardcastle Jodi C. Potere 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(4):531-544
The abuse of alcohol and other substances by mothers raising adolescent children has serious adverse effects on family functioning
and youth outcomes, and on mothers’ own health and adaptation. Mothers who are also HIV-infected face additional challenges.
In the present report, we describe a multi-session intervention conducted in individual sessions for mothers with alcohol
and other substance use problems who are raising adolescent children. We outline the primary components of the intervention
and include case studies and examples of exercises and tools. We found that engagement with the intervention and high rates
of attendance were facilitated by tapping into mothers’ desires to improve their relationships with their adolescent children,
the use of a harm reduction approach toward substance use, and intensive outreach. We also discuss lessons learned in the
course of implementing and evaluating the intervention. 相似文献
99.
Being teased about one’s physical appearance in childhood has been found to have a strong impact on the way in which adolescent
and adult women perceive their bodies. Teasing is also strongly related to self-esteem in children. However, little is known
about the impact of teasing on the development of body image in childhood. Through a quantitative study of the experience
of being teased and body image satisfaction in a group of 431 primary aged children, we examined the prevalence, type and
impact of teasing on children’s perceived body image satisfaction. The results of our study indicated that many children,
especially those who are over or underweight experience being teased. This experience does have a negative impact on children’s
body image. This is especially significant for young girls and boys who are overweight. Underweight young boys also suffer
negatively from this experience. It is important for parents and others to understand that what may be perceived as friendly
banter with their children may not necessarily be innocuous. Further research exploring the concept and construct of teasing
in childhood is warranted. 相似文献
100.
Unique pathways to resilience across cultures 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Ungar M Brown M Liebenberg L Othman R Kwong WM Armstrong M Gilgun J 《Adolescence》2007,42(166):287-310
An international mixed methods study of resilience of 14 sites in eleven countries identified seven tensions that youth resolve in culturally specific ways. Resolution of these tensions is foundational to experiences of resilience. This paper reports on the qualitative findings from interviews with 89 youth. Results support a culturally embedded understanding of positive youth development that better accounts for young people's resilience in western and non-western countries. Specifically, the seven tensions identified include: access to material resources, relationships, identity, cohesion, power and control, social justice, and cultural adherence. Findings show that no one pattern in the resolution of these tensions predicts resilience better than another. A case study of a Palestinian boy demonstrates the intersection of the seven tensions and the uniqueness of their resolution. The implications of this work for interventions is discussed. 相似文献