Living on the edge: strategic and instructed slowing in the stop signal task

The stop signal task is widely adopted to assess motor inhibition performance in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Several recent studies explored the influence of strategic approaches to the task. In particular, response slowing seems to be a strategic approach commonly adopted to perform the task. In the present study, we compared a standard version with a strategic version of the task, in which participants were explicitly instructed to slow down responses. Results showed that the instructed slowing did not affect the main inhibition measure, thus confirming the robustness of the stop signal index. On the other hand, it apparently changed the nature of the task, as shown by the lack of correlation between the standard and the strategic versions. In addition, we found a specific influence of individual characteristics on slowing strategies. In the standard version, adherence to task instructions was positively correlated with compliant traits of personality. Despite instructions to maximize response speed, non-compliant participants preferred to adopt a slowing strategy in the standard version of the task, up to a speed level similar to the strategic version, where slowing was required by task instructions. Understanding the role of individual approach to the task seems to be crucial to properly identify how participants cope with task instructions.     

When colors backfire: The impact of color cues on moral judgment

This article investigates if and how the valence of color cues affects moral acceptability of (un)desirable consumer behaviors. Study 1 uses colors with definite differences in terms of valence, namely, red and green. Study 2 applies an evaluative conditioning paradigm to endow initially neutral colors with negative versus positive valences. We find an ironic color effect: undesirable behaviors become more acceptable when presented with negatively valenced colors. In general, respondents find (un)desirable behaviors more acceptable when a background color is of the same valence rather than neutral or opposite in valence. Implications for promotion and prevention campaigns are discussed.     

Tourist Assessment of Archaeological Sites: The Case of The Archaeological Complex of Itálica (Seville,Spain)

ABSTRACT

Few studies have examined visitors’ assessments of their stay at archaeological complexes. This study analyzed this issue, focusing on Itálica (Seville, Spain). The results show that three factors are important in assessing a visit: quality of service, perceived sacrifice and satisfaction. With regard to these three factors, significant differences were found depending on whether the visitor had previously been to Itálica and where he or she came from. From these results, the authors have identified possible ways of improving the services provided, and, consequently, visitor satisfaction.     

Understanding the limits of self‐control: Positive affect moderates the impact of task switching on consecutive self‐control performance

Performing consecutive self‐control tasks typically leads to deterioration in self‐control performance. This effect can be explained within the strength model of self‐control or within a cognitive control perspective. Both theoretical frameworks differ in their predictions with regard to the impact of affect and task characteristics on self‐control deterioration within a two‐task paradigm. Whereas the strength model predicts decrements in self‐control performance whenever both tasks require a limited resource, under a cognitive control perspective, decrements should only occur when people switch to a different response conflict in the second task. Moreover, only the cognitive control model predicts an interaction between task switching and positive affect. In the present research, we investigated this interaction within a two‐task paradigm and found evidence that favored a cognitive control interpretation of the results. Positive affect only benefitted consecutive self‐control performance if response conflicts in the two tasks were different (resisting sweets followed by a Stroop task). If they were the same (two consecutive Stroop tasks), positive affect impaired self‐control performance. These effects were partially replicated in the second study that also examined negative affect, which did not affect self‐control performance. We conclude that drawing on cognitive control models could add substantially to research on self‐control. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On a fallacy attributed to tarski

The purpose of this paper is to examine some passages of Tarski‘s paper ’On the concept of logical consequence’ and to show that some recent readings of those passages are wrong. John Etchemendy has claimed that in those passages Tarski gave an argument purporting to show that the notion of logical consequence defined by him (as opposed to some pretheoretic notion of logical consequence) possesses certain modal properties. Etchemendy further claims that the argument he attributes to Tarski is fallacious. Some of Etchemendy’s critics have granted him that Tarski did give an argument purporting to show that the defined notion possesses certain modal properties ; but they have claimed that Tarski’s argument was not a fallacious one. I will show that both Etchemendy and his critics are wrong; in the relevant passages, Tarski did not offer (nor did he intend to offer) an argument that the defined notion of logical consequence possesses any modal properties     

Classical conditioning and pain: Conditioned analgesia and hyperalgesia

This article reviews situations in which stimuli produce an increase or a decrease in nociceptive responses through basic associative processes and provides an associative account of such changes. Specifically, the literature suggests that cues associated with stress can produce conditioned analgesia or conditioned hyperalgesia, depending on the properties of the conditioned stimulus (e.g., contextual cues and audiovisual cues vs. gustatory and olfactory cues, respectively) and the proprieties of the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., appetitive, aversive, or analgesic, respectively). When such cues are associated with reducers of exogenous pain (e.g., opiates), they typically increase sensitivity to pain. Overall, the evidence concerning conditioned stress-induced analgesia, conditioned hyperalagesia, conditioned tolerance to morphine, and conditioned reduction of morphine analgesia suggests that selective associations between stimuli underlie changes in pain sensitivity.     

Papel de la instrucción en la solución de problemas de correlación

Resumen

Según varios autores, la instrucción sobre los conceptos de probabilidad y la experencia cotidiana en la resolución de problemas que implican esta noción mejora el rendimiento en la solución de problemas probabilísticos, incluso aunque se incluyan en áreas muy diferentes de las que se había utilizado en el aprendizaje. Este artículo muestra una investigación sobre la forma en que solucionan problemas correlacionales licenciados universitarios en distintas especialidades que diferían tanto en su instrucción sobre estadística y probabilidad, como es su experiencia profesional con problemas probabilísticos. La correlación puede ser entendida como un concepto de probabilidad complejo y apenas existen investigaciones que estudien la influencia de la instrucción en problemas de este tipo concreto.

Nuestros sujetos fueron licenciados en Matemáticas, Psicología e Historia que estaban realizando cursos de postgrado y un grupo de licenciados en diferentes especialidades que estaban cursando un Master Internacional en Dirección de Empresas (MIDE). La tarea consistía en seis problemas correlacionales presentados mediante un cuestionario colectivo y que trataban de la relación entre las variaciones en el consumo de una bebida refrescante y una campaña de publicidad. Además de resolver los problemas los sujetos debían indicar la estrategia que creían haber utilizado para solucionarlos y debían escoger la mejor estrategia de solución entre un conjunto que se les presentaba, independientemente de si coincidía o no con la utilizada por ellos.

Nuestros resultados muestran que los matemáticos, seguidos por el grupo MIDE, resolvieron los problemas deforma más adecuada que los otros dos grupos. Estos mismos resultados se encuentran al analizar la adecuación de los autoinformes. Sin embargo, en este caso el grupo de psicólogos tuvo un rendimiento superior al del grupo de historiadores. No había diferencias significativas en cuanto al reconocimiento de la estrategia más adecuada. Parece, por tanto, que en nuestro país la instrucción formal, tal y como la reciben los matemáticos, sirve para generalizar este tipo de conocimiento, mejor que la instrucción más pragmática que recibían los estudiantes del MIDE.     

El desarrollo de los procesos cognitivos: Investigaciones transculturales

RESUMEN

Mario Carretero revisa las investigaciones de los últimos diez años que han estudiado el desarrollo de los procesos cognitivos desde una perspectiva transcultural. También delimita los principales enfoques de investigación y las aportaciones metodológicas más pertinentes. Entre estos enfoques el autor se centra fundamentalmente en la tendencia ecológico-diferencialista, repasando también algunas investigaciones piagetianas y los principales fundamentos del enfoque etnográfico. El autor presenta una panorámica general de las investigaciones transculturales sobre el desarrollo de la percepción y la dependencia-independencia de campo, haciendo hincapié en el modelo ecológico y en la relación existente entre determinadas prácticas socializadoras y el desarrollo del citado estilo cognitivo. En las conclusiones se destaca que están apareciendo algunos rasgos comunes entre las distintas tendencias y que el aspecto metodológico más discutido es el que se refiere a cuál de los dos enfoques, experimental o correlacional, es el más adecuado. Por último alude a los universales cognitivos, sosteniendo que apenas existen productos cognitivos universales pero sí muchos procesos comunes a todas las culturas y que la psicología evolutiva transcultural está apoyando la concepción interaccionista del desarrollo.     

Positive affect and self-control: Attention to self-control demands mediates the influence of positive affect on consecutive self-control

Positive affect (PA) can either improve or impair self-control performance, depending on whether two tasks are dissimilar, and thus require flexible releasing and switching, or similar, which requires stable maintenance. The present study suggests that this effect is mediated by attentional shifts. The authors found that participants under PA, who performed on two dissimilar tasks and had to switch to a new response dimension, were less attentive to distracting information compared to neutral affect (NE), leading to better performance. In contrast, participants under PA who did not have to switch, were more attentive to distracting information compared to participants under NE. These findings highlight the opposite effects of PA on consecutive self-control.