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191.
Mario Rendon M.D. 《American journal of psychoanalysis》1984,44(3):267-279
The function of these [neurotic] trends can be better understood if we take a look at their genesis. They develop early in life through the combined effect of given temperamental and environmental influences. Whether a child becomes submissive or rebellious under the pressure of parental coercion depends not only on the nature of the coercion but also on given qualities, such as the degree of his vitality, the relative softness or hardness of his nature.Since we we know less of the constitutional factors than of the environmental ones, and since the latter are the only ones susceptible of change, I shall comment only on these. (Karen Horney,Self-Analysis. New York: Norton, 1942. Emphasis added) 相似文献
192.
193.
194.
Mario Mikulincer 《Motivation and emotion》1988,12(4):371-383
The current study tests three alternative explanations (learned helplessness, cognitive interference, and egotism) for poor performance following unsolvable problems. In Experiment 1, subjects were exposed to no feedback or to failure in unsolvable problems and were further divided according to the importance of a test task (unstipulated, low, and high importance). In Experiment 2, during the training phase subjects were exposed to either no feedback, failure, or failure plus explicit hypothesis instructions. Then, subjects in each group received either low or high test-importance instructions. Results bring support to the cognitive interference explanation of performance deficits. Exposure to unsolvable problems was found to impair performance in a high importance task, but not in a low importance task. Such a deleterious effect of prior failure and high importance instructions was reversed by discouraging people from engaging in state-oriented actions. The theoretical implications of the findings were discussed. 相似文献
195.
We examined the relationship between an item’s familiarity and its category typicality, employing ratings obtained from Spanish- and English-speaking monolinguals living in southern Florida. In the first experiment, Spanish- and English-speaking monolinguals were asked to rate the prototypicality of instances of 12 common language categories. The correlations between the Spanish and English speakers’ rated item typicality indicated that the prototypicality gradients of the Spanish and English monolinguals were fairly discrepant for a number of categories. In the second experiment, we examined the degree to which these differences in cultural typicality could be accounted for by differences in rated cultural familiarity. It was predicted that, if familiarity plays a role in determining cultural differences in prototypicality, statistically controlling for the effects of cultural familiarity should result in higher interlingual typicality correlations. This should be true particularly for those categories for which there is a wide discrepancy in the typicality gradients for the two language groups. These predictions were confirmed. Consequently, we conclude that item familiarity is at least one variable influencing cultural differences in category typicality gradients. 相似文献
196.
Subject groups were classified on the basis of behavioral ratings for degree of anxiety exhibited and level of social skill displayed during a simulated dating interaction. Subjects were then asked to view and evaluate their own skill performance and the performance of bogus subjects during the same interaction when presented on videotapes. All subject groups were accurate in rating the performance of the bogus subjects but the high anxious/high skill subjects underestimated (in comparison to judge's ratings) their own skill while high anxious/low skill subjects accurately assessed their poor performance. Implications of the establishment of two types of heterosexual-socially anxious subjects were drawn for both clinical practice and research. 相似文献
197.
The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - Inspired by the Horneyan concept of a morality of evolution and applying the psychoanalytic method, I researched a body of scientific literature to... 相似文献
198.
This paper examines the question of the extensional correctness of Tarskian definitions of logical truth and logical consequence.
I identify a few different informal properties which are necessary for a sentence to be an informal logical truth and look
at whether they are necessary properties of Tarskian logical truths. I examine arguments by John Etchemendy and Vann McGee
to the effect that some of those properties are not necessary properties of some Tarskian logical truths, and find them unconvincing.
I stress the point that since the hypothesis that Tarski's definitions are extensionally correct is deeply entrenched, the
burden of proof is still on the shoulders of Tarski's critics, who have not lifted the burden.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
199.
Summary It has been shown that spatial compatibility is due to a comparison between the spatial codes that describe stimulus and response positions. Such codes are often defined in right-left terms. There are, however, two types of right-left codes that can be used for describing a position in space. One is formed with relation to the egocentric axes and can be termed side, whereas the other is formed with relation to an external reference location and can be termed relative position. Five experiments were conducted to determine the role of these different codes in producing spatial compatibility effects. In Experiments 1 and 2 the position of the stimulus provided the relevant cue for choosing the correct response (i.e., the situation was typical of spatial compability proper), whereas in Experiments 3, 4, and 5 the stimulus provided a locational cue that was not necessary for choosing the correct response (i.e., the situation was typical of the Simon effect). The experimental manipulations concerned the task demands and the time elapsing between availability of the stimulus code and availability of the response code. The results showed that upon stimulus presentation, both stimulus codes (that concerning side and that concerning relative position) were formed, but experimental manipulations determined the one that was effective in yielding compatibility effects. When the task required the use of one type of code, then spatial compatibility depended on that code alone. When the two coding processes were separated in time, then spatial compatibility depended only on the code that was formed simultaneously with the response code. 相似文献
200.
Giovanni Barosi Lorenzo Magnani Mario Stefanelli 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1993,14(1):43-55
The complexity of cognitive emulation of human diagnostic reasoning is the major challenge in the implementation of computer-based programs for diagnostic advice in medicine. We here present an epistemological model of diagnosis with the ultimate goal of defining a high-level language for cognitive and computational primitives. The diagnostic task proceeds through three different phases: hypotheses generation, hypotheses testing and hypotheses closure. Hypotheses generation has the inferential form of abduction (from findings to hypotheses) constrained under the criterion of plausibility. Hypotheses testing is achieved by a deductive inference (from generated hypotheses to expected findings), followed by an eliminative induction, constrained under the criterion of covering, which matches expected findings against patient's findings to select the best explanation. Hypotheses closure is a deductive-inductive type of inference very similar to the inferences operating in hypotheses testing. In this case induction matches the consequences of the generated hypotheses against the patient's characteristics or preferences under the criterion of utility. By using the language exploited in this epistemological model, it is possible to describe the cognitive tasks underlying the most influential knowledge-based diagnostic systems. 相似文献