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371.
Steven Brown Angela R. Laird Peter Q. Pfordresher Sarah M. Thelen Peter Turkeltaub Mario Liotti 《Brain and cognition》2009
A sizable literature on the neuroimaging of speech production has reliably shown activations in the orofacial region of the primary motor cortex. These activations have invariably been interpreted as reflecting “mouth” functioning and thus articulation. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare an overt speech task with tongue movement, lip movement, and vowel phonation. The results showed that the strongest motor activation for speech was the somatotopic larynx area of the motor cortex, thus reflecting the significant contribution of phonation to speech production. In order to analyze further the phonatory component of speech, we performed a voxel-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of syllable-singing (11 studies) and compared the results with a previously-published meta-analysis of oral reading (11 studies), showing again a strong overlap in the larynx motor area. Overall, these findings highlight the under-recognized presence of phonation in imaging studies of speech production, and support the role of the larynx motor cortex in mediating the “melodicity” of speech. 相似文献
372.
Yair Amichai-Hamburger Mario Mikulincer Nir Zalts 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(1):37-46
The current study examines the effects of exposure to unsolvable problems on the processing of a persuasive message. Participants
exposed to either unsolvable failure or no-feedback tasks were presented with one of four versions of an advertisement about
a hair shampoo and rated their attitude towards this product. Two aspects of the message were manipulated: the quality of
arguments (strong, weak) and the attractiveness of the communicator (attractive, non-attractive). In addition, participants
rated their anxiety and the frequency of off-task thoughts during the experiment. Attitude towards the target product of participants
in the failure condition was less affected by the argument’s quality and more influenced by communicator attractiveness than
the attitude of participants in the no-feedback condition. Participants exposed to failures reported more anxiety and task-related
worries than those exposed to no-feedback, and these ratings were found to mediate the effects of failure on the processing
of a persuasive message. Results were discussed in terms of Learned Helplessness theories and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. 相似文献
373.
Attachment Theory and Affect Regulation: The Dynamics,Development, and Cognitive Consequences of Attachment-Related Strategies 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1982/1969, 1973) is one of the most useful and generative frameworks for understanding both normative and individual-differences aspects of the process of affect regulation. In this article we focus mainly on the different attachment-related strategies of affect regulation that result from different patterns of interactions with significant others. Specifically, we pursue 3 main goals: First, we elaborate the dynamics and functioning of these affect-regulation strategies using a recent integrative model of attachment-system activation and dynamics (P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer, 2002). Second, we review recent findings concerning the cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies following the arousal of positive and negative affect. Third, we propose some integrative ideas concerning the formation and development of the different attachment-related strategies. 相似文献
374.
Systems factorial technology (SFT) is a theory-driven set of methodologies oriented toward identification of basic mechanisms, such as parallel versus serial processing, of perception and cognition. Studies employing SFT in visual search with small display sizes have repeatedly shown decisive evidence for parallel processing. The first strong evidence for serial processing was recently found in short-term memory search, using target-distractor (T-D) similarity as a key experimental variable (Townsend & Fifi?, 2004). One of the major goals of the present study was to employ T-D similarity in visual search to learn whether this mode of manipulating processing speed would affect the parallel versus serial issue in that domain. The result was a surprising and regular departure from ordinary parallel or serial processing. The most plausible account at present relies on the notion of positively interacting parallel channels. 相似文献
375.
Remembering visual material, such as objects, faces, and spatial locations, over a short period of time (seconds) becomes more difficult as we age. We investigated whether these deficits could be explained by a simple reduction in visual working memory capacity or by an impairment in one's ability to form or maintain appropriate associations among pieces of related information. In three experiments, we used recognition and recall tests to address the efficacy with which older adults can create bound object representations by varying the number of features of each object that had to be remembered for a subsequent memory test. Results demonstrated that whereas older adults exhibited reduced memory capacity as compared with that of younger adults, both groups stored integrated object representations in visual working memory. These results are contrasted with other work that suggests that age-related memory decline is due, at least in part, to associative deficits. 相似文献
376.
Structural equation modeling of multitrait-multimethod data: different models for different types of methods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The question as to which structural equation model should be selected when multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data are analyzed is of interest to many researchers. In the past, attempts to find a well-fitting model have often been data-driven and highly arbitrary. In the present article, the authors argue that the measurement design (type of methods used) should guide the choice of the statistical model to analyze the data. In this respect, the authors distinguish between (a) interchangeable methods, (b) structurally different methods, and (c) the combination of both kinds of methods. The authors present an appropriate model for each type of method. All models allow separating measurement error from trait influences and trait-specific method effects. With respect to interchangeable methods, a multilevel confirmatory factor model is presented. For structurally different methods, the correlated trait-correlated (method-1) model is recommended. Finally, the authors demonstrate how to appropriately analyze data from MTMM designs that simultaneously use interchangeable and structurally different methods. All models are applied to empirical data to illustrate their proper use. Some implications and guidelines for modeling MTMM data are discussed. 相似文献
377.
Hiroshi Ito Krystian Barzykowski Magdalena Grzesik Sami Gülgöz Ceren Gürdere Steve M.J. Janssen Jessie Khor Harriet Rowthorn Kimberley A. Wade Karlos Luna Pedro B. Albuquerque Devvarta Kumar Arman Deep Singh William Weber Cecconello Sara Cadavid Nicole C. Laird Mario J. Baldassari D. Stephen Lindsay Kazuo Mori 《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2019,8(1):68-77
378.
379.
DiPietro JA Caulfield L Costigan KA Merialdi M Nguyen RH Zavaleta N Gurewitsch ED 《Developmental psychology》2004,40(3):445-456
Longitudinal neurobehavioral development was examined in 237 fetuses of low-risk pregnancies from 2 distinct populations--Baltimore, Maryland, and Lima. Peru--at 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, and 38 weeks gestation. Data were based on digitized Doppler-based fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal movement (FM). In both groups. FHR declined while variability, episodic accelerations, and FM-FHR coupling increased, with discontinuities evident between 28 and 32 weeks gestation. Fetuses in Lima had higher FHR and lower variability, accelerations, and FM-FHR coupling. Declines in trajectories were typically observed 1 month sooner in Lima, which magnified these disparities. Motor activity differences were less consistent. No sex differences in fetal neurobehaviors were detected. It is concluded that population factors can influence the developmental niche of the fetus. 相似文献
380.
Attachment-related strategies during thought suppression: ironic rebounds and vulnerable self-representations 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The authors conducted 2 studies of attachment-related variations in thought suppression. Participants were asked, or not asked, to suppress thoughts about a relationship breakup and then to perform a Stroop task under high or low cognitive load. The dependent variables were the rebound, of previously suppressed separation-related thoughts (Study 1) and the accessibility of self-traits (Study 2). Under low cognitive load, avoidant individuals did not show any rebound of separation-related thoughts and activated positive self-representations. Under high cognitive load, avoidant participants failed to suppress thoughts of separation and were more likely to activate negative self-representations. Attachment anxiety was associated with high activation of negative self-representations and unremitting separation-related thoughts. The results are discussed in terms of the hidden vulnerabilities of avoidant individuals. 相似文献