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51.
Human response time (RT) data are widely used in experimental psychology to evaluate theories of mental processing. Typically,
the data constitute the times taken by a subject to react to a succession of stimuli under varying experimental conditions.
Because of the sequential nature of the experiments there are trends (due to learning, fatigue, fluctuations in attentional
state, etc.) and serial dependencies in the data. The data also exhibit extreme observations that can be attributed to lapses,
intrusions from outside the experiment, and errors occurring during the experiment. Any adequate analysis should account for
these features and quantify them accurately. Recognizing that Bayesian hierarchical models are an excellent modeling tool,
we focus on the elaboration of a realistic likelihood for the data and on a careful assessment of the quality of fit that
it provides. We judge quality of fit in terms of the predictive performance of the model. We demonstrate how simple Bayesian
hierarchical models can be built for several RT sequences, differentiating between subject-specific and condition-specific
effects. 相似文献
52.
53.
Abstract In Part I of this article, background and rationale for the construction of a Selfhood model-derived visual-verbal Dyadic Relationships Test (DRT) is presented. Results from studies covering its reliability and verification of its psychometric properties are presented. Construct validity was evaluated through research with competing theoretical models. In Part II, results from studies are reported through discriminant and concurrent validity analyses in adoptive and traditional couples. A revision evaluated its construct validity with measures of negotiation, intimacy, and communication, and through relational and emotional life at different stages of the life cycle, including empty nest and retirement. Results from these studies tend to support the psychometric properties of this instrument and, indirectly, the validity of the Selfhood model underlying its construction. 相似文献
54.
Mario Rendón M.D 《International Forum of Psychoanalysis》2013,22(3):158-168
Abstract Karen Horney, a Neo-Freudian analyst who immigrated from Germany to the USA, undertook the difficult task of developing a theory that remained concrete psychology without resorting to biology or to metapsychological entelechies. Although her basic construct, as in Freud, is a conflict between nature and culture, nature for her is the naturally endowed real self, which the neurotic abandons bowing to cultural pressures. This process of desertion is teleological and based on imagination, and is also creative. It entails the pursuit of a god-like idealized image of the self shaped according to narrow and despoiled values. Being interpersonal, Horney's theory avoids third-person objectification which creates a false distance; it thus remains (inter)subjective. A theory of interpersonal affect, it is dramatic before being dynamic. It also abandons claims to universality as it does to the “objectivity” of the natural sciences. Horney's focus on alienation brings her close to Hegel and Marx, a neglected fact, and she pioneered feminist and self-help theories. The difficulty in reading Horney is not her abstruseness, since her theory refuses technicism. It resides rather in that resistance created by what Althusser called interpellation: one feels her finger pointed at oneself as one reads. 相似文献
55.
Mirko Pesce Lorenza Speranza Sara Franceschelli Valentina Ialenti Irene Iezzi Antonia Patruno Alessia Rizzuto Claudio Robazza Maria Anna De Lutiis Mario Felaco Alfredo Grilli 《Aggressive behavior》2013,39(2):141-148
Recently, several studies reported a relationship between immune system activation and anger expression. Consequently, the aim of this study was to explore immunitary molecular mechanisms that potentially underlie anger expression. To this end, we applied the Frustration—Aggression Theory in a contact sport model, utilizing the nearing of sporting events to trigger anger feelings. In parallel, we evaluated the activation of immune system at mRNA levels. We enrolled 20 amateur rugby players (age ± SD, 27.2 ± 4.5) who underwent psychological assessment to evaluate anger, with the State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory‐2 (STAXI‐2), before rugby matches; at the same time blood samples were taken to analyze the variations of gene expression by microarray. During the 2 hr before each game, a significant increase was verified in the Rage State (RS) score compared to the score ascertained 72 hr before. At the same time, we found modulation in expression profile, in particular increased expression of gene that encodes interleukin l‐β (IL‐1β). In a regression analysis, RS score was related to IL‐1β, and the potential risk factors age, body mass index, smoking, and drinking. The levels of cytokine were positively and independently related to RS score. Our results suggest that the nearing of sporting event can trigger anger state feelings and activate immune system in rugby players. We propose the IL‐1β as a potential biological marker of anger. However, further research is necessary to clarify the correlation between cytokine and anger. Aggr. Behav. 39 :141‐148, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
56.
Mario Rendon 《International Forum of Psychoanalysis》2013,22(3-4):234-242
The author looks into the issue of interpretation and traces its evolution both from mere opinion, and from the point of view of the historical development of hermeneutics. In supervision interpretive dissonance may occur at several levels starting with the patient himself as well as his “gatekeepers,” and going up to the supervisor. The relationship between interpretation and supervision is examined in this context, taking into consideration the subjective and intersubjective levels of scientific inquiry. Supervision enhances the complexity of interpretation by introducing yet a third subjectivity that questions the supervisee's interpretation. This has advantages and shortcomings, as supervisors are not always aware that it is ultimately in the supervisee-patient situation where hypotheses are tested and confirmed. Theory alone cannot supersede the intersubjective situation. It is pointed out that psychoanalytic curricula should be reexamined in order to include semiotic science and its application to interpretation and supervision. 相似文献
57.
58.
Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the intraocular pressure (IOP) responses in myopes and normally-sighted controls differ when the subjects are exposed to a short-term achievement related stressor. A second aim was to examine to what extent IOP would decrease through relaxation in myopes as compared with the controls. Nineteen short-sighted and 19 normally-sighted adults were subjected to four conditions: (1) baseline I, (2) arithmetical mental operations under time pressure and noise, (3) baseline II, and (4) relaxation. IOP was assessed before and after each experimental condition. Heart rate was measured, and subjective ratings were obtained regarding the level of stress and relaxation subjects experienced. The stressing achievement situation led to significant increases in IOP and to significantly higher increases in myopes than in controls. Relaxation led to significant decreases of IOP in both groups. Heart rate and subjective ratings did not differ between groups under any condition. The present results point to specific intraocular reaction patterns to stress in myopic persons. The potential impact of this finding for a behavioral approach to shortsightedness is high since IOP is considered one of the main variables in the development of myopia. 相似文献
59.
Abstract This current study investigated a link between stress and coping with some male infertility problems via psychoneuroimmunological theories. The study was carried out on 77 males who came to a fertility clinic for sperm diagnosis. Appraisal and coping with stress reaction to negative life events and to infertility were related to non-sperm cells within the seminal plasma. Those men who had felt strained from external events and from problems of infertility, and had used emotional escape coping strategies, were more prone to have an immunosuppressed reaction, indicated by bacteria within their plasma. Those using task focused control strategies were more prone to have an immunostimulatory reaction, indicated by white blood cells, including in some cases, sperm destroying phagocytes suggesting a possible auto-immunity reaction. When the analyses were done separately on patients with known male fertility problems in comparison with those with unexplained infertility, the two opposing psychoneuroimmunological processes became more pronounced. 相似文献
60.
Mario I. Aguilar 《文化与宗教》2013,14(2):233-245
This paper examines some of the current ideas and methods that have problematised the study of religion within a globalised community. Religion and culture cannot be considered bounded entities, to be described as unchangeable. However, their constant process of change is not something new. It becomes new due to writing patterns and contemporary ideas on the relevance of religion or the creativity of culture. By analysing some discussions on possession cults, the paper suggests that ritual and performance constitute the moments when culture and religion are mediated. It is through ritual that religious practices are adapted, and it is in a ritual performance where culture is contested and challenged. Religion becomes ‘confused culture’, that once again is re‐organised and made orderly by reflection on ritual practices. Finally, the paper suggests that the agenda for an anthropology of religion for this new century is two‐fold. Firstly, to try to become more conversant with ever changing localised practices of ritual, and secondly, to try to converse about those practices with other practitioners and scholars from different fields and in different fields. 相似文献